Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction and dilation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. Over time, the inner walls of the alveoli weaken and rupture, resulting in larger air spaces. This reduces the surface area available for oxygen exchange, leading to shortness of breath.
Encephalitis refers to the inflammation of the brain, a condition that can have serious consequences. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, as well as immune system responses. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for better outcomes.
Encopresis involves the repeated involuntary soiling of underwear beyond the expected age for toilet training. The primary cause is chronic constipation, leading to impacted stool in the colon and rectum.Encopresis, also known as fecal incontinence or soiling, occurs when an individual involuntarily passes stool (usually liquid) into their clothing. It is most commonly observed in children aged four years or older who have already been toilet trained. Let’s explore this condition in depth:
Endocarditis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, known as the endocardium. This life-threatening condition is typically caused by bacterial or fungal infections. Without prompt treatment, endocarditis can lead to severe complications and even death.
Endometriosis is a chronic disorder characterized by the growth of tissue similar to the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) outside the uterus. It primarily affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic tissue. In rare cases, it may extend beyond the pelvic region.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD), also known as end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses to a point where kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is typically less than 15 mL per minute per 1.73 m² when ESRD is diagnosed.
Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by an increase in breast gland tissue in boys or men, often caused by an imbalance of estrogen and testosterone hormones. It can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly, and is distinct from pseudogynecomastia, which involves an increase in fat but not gland tissue.
Cardiomegaly refers to an enlarged heart observed on imaging tests like chest X-rays. It’s not a disease but indicates other underlying conditions. This comprehensive article delves into the aspects of cardiomegaly to inform and guide those affected.
The spleen, positioned under the left rib cage, plays a crucial role in filtering blood and supporting the immune system. When it becomes enlarged, a condition known as splenomegaly occurs, which can stem from various underlying factors including infections, liver diseases, and certain cancers.
Entropion is a medical condition characterized by the inward turning of the eyelid, leading to eyelashes and skin rubbing against the eye surface. This constant irritation can cause discomfort and potential damage to the eye if left untreated. While entropion primarily affects the lower eyelid, it can occur in the upper eyelid in rare cases.
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the lining of the esophagus. This buildup results from a hypersensitivity reaction to certain foods, allergens, or acid reflux, leading to inflammation and potential damage of the esophageal tissue. Individuals with EoE often experience difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and food impaction, which can significantly impact their quality of life.
Ependymoma is a type of tumor that originates from ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain or the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors can vary in aggressiveness and location, impacting treatment outcomes significantly.
Epidermoid cysts, also known as epidermal cysts, are benign, non-cancerous lumps that develop beneath the skin. These cysts are typically small, firm, and often painless, forming just beneath the skin's surface. They are most commonly found on the face, neck, chest, shoulders, and back. Epidermoid cysts develop when skin cells move deeper into the skin and multiply rather than sloughing off naturally, forming a sac filled with keratin, a protein found in skin, hair, and nails.
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by extremely fragile skin that blisters and tears from minor friction or trauma. This condition affects both the skin's outer layer (epidermis) and the inner layer (dermis), leading to painful wounds and sores. EB can manifest in infancy, childhood, or even later stages of life.
Epididymitis refers to the inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube behind the testicle that stores and transports sperm. This condition can affect males of any age and is commonly caused by bacterial infections, often originating from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea or chlamydia.