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Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

Diseases and Conditions Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM) is a rare neurological condition that primarily affects the spinal cord, leading to the sudden onset of muscle weakness or paralysis, particularly in the arms and legs. It is characterized by a specific pattern of muscle weakness and flaccidity (limpness) and can be a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, especially in children.

In this comprehensive article, we will explore AFM in detail, covering its causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention strategies, treatment options, and guidance on when to seek medical attention.

Types of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

AFM can manifest in various ways, but it typically involves the sudden onset of muscle weakness or paralysis. It can be classified into the following types:

1) Classic AFM: Characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis in one or more limbs, often following a viral illness.

2) Mild or Atypical AFM: Some individuals may experience milder symptoms or exhibit atypical features of AFM.

3) Clusters and Outbreaks: AFM cases occasionally occur in clusters or outbreaks, often in specific geographic regions.

Causes of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

The exact cause of AFM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be primarily linked to viral infections, especially enteroviruses. These viruses can lead to inflammation in the spinal cord, which in turn can result in the characteristic weakness or paralysis associated with AFM.

Risk Factors of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

While AFM can affect individuals of all ages, certain factors may increase the risk:

  • Age: AFM is more commonly reported in children, especially those under the age of 18.
  • Seasonal Variation: Outbreaks of AFM tend to occur in late summer and fall, suggesting a seasonal component.
  • Previous Infections: A history of viral infections or exposure to viruses linked to AFM may increase the risk.

Symptoms of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

The most common signs and symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis include:
1. Sudden Arm or Leg Weakness: This is typically the most noticeable symptom. It can occur in one or more limbs and is often more severe on one side of the body.
2. Sudden loss of muscle tone: This can result in floppy limbs, poor grip strength, and difficulty with coordination.
3. Sudden loss of reflexes: This can include deep tendon reflexes like the knee-jerk reaction.
4. Difficulty moving the eyes or drooping eyelids: This can result in double vision or difficulty focusing.
5. Facial droop or weakness: This can cause one side of the face to appear droopy.
6. Difficulty with swallowing or slurred speech: This can lead to choking or drooling.
7. Pain in the arms, legs, neck, or back: This can be constant or intermittent and may vary in intensity.
8. Numbness or tingling: This can occur in any part of the body and may come and go.
9. Inability to pass urine: This can lead to bladder dysfunction and urinary retention.
10. Respiratory failure: This occurs when the muscles involved in breathing become weak, making it difficult or impossible to breathe without assistance.
11. Life-threatening body temperature changes and blood pressure instability: These can occur due to the body’s inability to regulate these functions, potentially leading to shock or organ failure.

Preventions of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

Preventing AFM is challenging due to its viral origins, but general measures to reduce the risk of viral infections can be beneficial. This includes practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and staying up-to-date on vaccinations when available.

Diagnosis of Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

Diagnosing AFM involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, and diagnostic tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may also be performed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment for Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for AFM. Management focuses on supportive care, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and respiratory support if needed. Early intervention and rehabilitation are crucial for maximizing recovery.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you or someone you know experiences sudden muscle weakness, especially in one or more limbs, it's essential to seek immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly impact the outcome and recovery from AFM.