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Cholera

Diseases and Conditions Cholera
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a global health concern, particularly in regions with inadequate access to safe water and sanitation. Let’s delve into the specifics of this disease.

Types of Cholera

Cholera primarily involves two serogroups of V. cholerae: O1 and O139. These strains cause outbreaks, with O1 being responsible for recent epidemics. The illness caused by both serogroups is indistinguishable.

Causes of Cholera

Cholera transmission occurs through contaminated water or food. Key modes of transmission include:

  1. Contaminated Food and Drink: Consuming food or beverages contaminated with cholera bacteria.
  2. Raw or Uncooked Food: Undercooked seafood, especially shellfish, can harbor the bacteria.
  3. Unhygienic Sanitary Conditions: Poor sanitation facilities contribute to the spread.
  4. Reduced Stomach Acid: Individuals with low stomach acid levels are more susceptible.

Risk Factors of Cholera

Several factors increase the risk of cholera:

  • Poverty: Crowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and limited access to clean water elevate the risk.
  • War and Natural Disasters: Disruptions to infrastructure exacerbate cholera outbreaks.
  • Blood Type O: People with blood type O are more prone to severe disease.
  • Chronic Medical Conditions: Individuals with underlying health issues face worse outcomes.
  • Lack of Rehydration Services: Prompt rehydration is crucial for preventing complications.

Symptoms of Cholera

Cholera symptoms can vary:
1. Diarrhea: Sudden onset of watery diarrhea, resembling rice water.
2. Nausea and vomiting: Vomiting occurs, especially in the early stages.
3. Dehydration: Rapid dehydration can lead to sunken eyes, dry mouth, and extreme thirst.
4. Electrolyte Imbalance: Loss of sodium, chloride, and potassium can cause muscle cramps and shock.

Preventions of Cholera

To prevent cholera:

  • Hand Hygiene: Regularly wash hands with soap and water.
  • Avoid Street Food: Be cautious with street vendors.
  • Safe Water: Consume treated and purified water.
  • Sanitation: Maintain good hygiene and sanitation practices.

Diagnosis of Cholera

  • Stool Test: Detects the presence of bacteria.
  • Cholera Dipstick Test: Rapid evaluation of V. cholerae.

Treatment for Cholera

Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., Tetracycline, Doxycycline) and oral rehydration therapy.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience symptoms or suspect cholera, seek immediate medical help.