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Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Diseases and Conditions Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-image

Overview

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic kidney failure, is a progressive condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play essential roles in maintaining overall health, including:

  • Waste Filtration: Removing natural waste products and excess water from the body.
  • Red Blood Cell Production: Assisting in the production of red blood cells.
  • Mineral Balance: Balancing important minerals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) in the body.
  • Blood Pressure Regulation: Helping maintain optimal blood pressure levels.
  • Bone Health: Contributing to bone health by activating vitamin D.

Types of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD is classified into five stages based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. These stages help guide treatment decisions:

  1. Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or mildly reduced eGFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m²).
  2. Stage 2: Mildly reduced eGFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²).
  3. Stage 3: Moderately reduced eGFR (30-59 mL/min/1.73 m²).
  4. Stage 4: Severely reduced eGFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²).
  5. Stage 5: Kidney failure (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m²), requiring dialysis or transplantation.

Causes of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD can result from various factors:

  • Diabetes: High blood sugar levels damage the kidneys over time.
  • Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Prolonged high blood pressure strains the kidneys.
  • Heart Disease and Heart Failure: Cardiovascular conditions impact kidney function.
  • Obesity: Excess weight increases the risk of CKD.
  • Age: CKD risk rises with age.
  • Family History: A genetic predisposition may play a role.
  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Previous kidney damage increases CKD risk.

Risk Factors of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Identifying risk factors is crucial for early detection:

  • Diabetes and Hypertension: The most common causes of CKD.
  • Heart Disease: Linked to CKD development.
  • Obesity: Excess weight contributes to kidney damage.
  • Age: CKD risk increases with age.
  • Family History: A family history of CKD or kidney failure.
  • Acute Kidney Injury: Prior kidney damage.
  • Smoking and Tobacco Use: Harmful to kidney health.

Symptoms of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD symptoms can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Here are the common symptoms associated with CKD:
1. Foamy Urine (Proteinuria): Excessive protein in the urine due to impaired kidney function. Foamy appearance when urinating.
2. Changes in Urination Frequency: Increased or decreased urine output. Nocturia (frequent urination at night).
3. Itchy or Dry Skin: Buildup of waste products in the blood affects skin health. Persistent itching.
4. Fatigue and Weakness: Anemia (low red blood cell count) due to decreased erythropoietin production by the kidneys. General fatigue and weakness.
5. Nausea and vomiting: Accumulation of waste products and electrolyte imbalances. Nausea and occasional vomiting.
6. Loss of Appetite: Uremic toxins affect taste and appetite. Weight loss due to reduced food intake.

Preventions of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Preventive measures include:

  • Blood Pressure Control: Regular monitoring and lifestyle modifications.
  • Diabetes Management: Maintain stable blood sugar levels.
  • Healthy Lifestyle: Balanced diet, exercise, and avoiding tobacco.
  • Regular Check-ups: Early detection is crucial.

Diagnosis of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Diagnostic steps involve blood tests (eGFR, creatinine, and urine albumin) and imaging. Regular monitoring helps assess progression.

Treatment for Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Treatment goals include slowing progression, managing symptoms, and preventing complications:

  • Medications: ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to protect kidneys.
  • Dietary Changes: Limiting salt, protein, and phosphorus intake.
  • Dialysis or Transplantation: For advanced CKD.
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Exercise, weight management, and stress reduction.

When to seek medical attention ?

Consult a healthcare professional if you experience symptoms or have risk factors for CKD.