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Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Diseases and Conditions Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic kidney failure, is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function. The kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste products from the blood, maintaining fluid balance, and regulating electrolytes. When CKD occurs, these essential functions are disrupted, leading to kidney damage over time.

Types of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. Stages of CKD: CKD is classified into stages based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. The stages range from mild (Stage 1) to severe (Stage 5 or end-stage renal disease). Each stage reflects the degree of kidney dysfunction and guides treatment decisions.

  2. Primary Causes:

    • Diabetic Nephropathy: Common in people with diabetes, it damages the kidney’s blood vessels.
    • Hypertensive Nephropathy: High blood pressure damages the kidney’s blood vessels.
    • Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli).
    • Polycystic Kidney Disease: Genetic disorder causing cysts in the kidneys.
    • Other Systemic Diseases: Lupus, vasculitis, and other autoimmune conditions.

Causes of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. Hypertension: Prolonged high blood pressure damages kidney blood vessels.
  2. Diabetes: Uncontrolled blood sugar levels harm the kidneys.
  3. Glomerular Diseases: Inflammation or scarring of glomeruli.
  4. Obstructive Uropathy: Blockage in the urinary tract.
  5. Infections: Repeated kidney infections can lead to CKD.
  6. Medications and Toxins: Certain drugs and environmental toxins.

Risk Factors of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. Age: CKD risk increases with age.
  2. Hypertension and Diabetes: Major risk factors.
  3. Family History: Genetic predisposition.
  4. Obesity: Excess weight strains the kidneys.
  5. Smoking: Damages blood vessels.
  6. Cardiovascular Disease: CKD and CVD often coexist.

Symptoms of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD is often asymptomatic in early stages. As it progresses, symptoms may include:
1. Fatigue
2. Skin Swelling (Edema)
3. Changes in urine output
4. High blood pressure
5. Anemia
6. Bone health issues

Preventions of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. Control Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar: Regular monitoring and medication adherence.
  2. Healthy Lifestyle: Balanced diet, exercise, and weight management.
  3. Avoid Nephrotoxic Substances: Limit alcohol, avoid smoking, and manage medications carefully.

Diagnosis of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. eGFR and Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio: Key diagnostic tests.
  2. Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, or MRI to assess kidney structure.
  3. Biopsy: If glomerular disease is suspected.

Treatment for Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

  1. Lifestyle Modifications: Diet, exercise, and smoking cessation.
  2. Medications: Blood pressure control, anemia management, and symptom relief.
  3. Dialysis or Kidney Transplant: For end-stage CKD.

When to seek medical attention ?

  • If you experience symptoms like fatigue, swelling, or changes in urine output.
  • Regular follow-up for those with risk factors.