Overview
The common cold, also known as an upper respiratory tract infection, is a mild viral illness that primarily affects the nose and throat. While it’s generally harmless, its symptoms can be bothersome.
Types of common cold
- Rhinoviruses: These are the most common culprits behind colds. Approximately 100 different strains of rhinoviruses can cause cold-like symptoms in humans.
- Other Viruses: Beyond rhinoviruses, more than 200 agents can trigger cold symptoms. These include parainfluenza, influenza, respiratory syncytial viruses, and reoviruses.
Causes of common cold
- A cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes, or nose. It spreads via:
- Droplets in the Air: When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
- Hand-to-Hand Contact: Direct contact with someone who has a cold.
- Shared Objects: Using items (e.g., dishes, towels, toys, telephones) contaminated with the virus.
- Self-Inoculation: Touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after contact with the virus.
Risk Factors of common cold
Several factors increase the likelihood of catching a cold:
- Age: Infants and young children are more susceptible, especially if they spend time in child care settings.
- Smoking: Smokers may experience longer-lasting symptoms.
- Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV or chemotherapy weaken the body’s defenses.
Symptoms of common cold
Common cold symptoms typically appear 1 to 3 days after exposure to the virus. They include:1. Runny or stuffy nose
2. Sore or scratchy throat
3. Coughing and Aspiration
4. Sneezing
5. General Malaise
6. Mild Headache or Body Aches
7. Low-grade Fever
8. Thicker, Yellow, or Green Nasal Mucus (normal and not necessarily bacterial)
Preventions of common cold
While there’s no foolproof way to prevent colds, these strategies can help:
- Hand Hygiene: Regularly wash hands with soap and water.
- Avoid Close Contact: Steer clear of sick individuals.
- Boost Immunity: Eat a balanced diet, exercise, and get adequate rest.
- Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration supports immune function.
- Avoid Touching Your Face: Minimize self-inoculation.
Diagnosis of common cold
- Diagnosis is usually based on reported symptoms.
- No specific test confirms a cold.
- Evaluation involves ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms.
Treatment for common cold
- Rest and Hydration: Allow the body to heal naturally.
- Over-the-Counter Medications: Decongestants, pain relievers, and cough suppressants.
- Warm Saltwater Gargles: Soothe a sore throat.
- Humidifiers: Keep the air moist.
- Avoid Antibiotics: They don’t work against viruses.
When to seek medical attention ?
- Symptoms worsen or persist.
- Fever exceeds 101.3°F (38.5°C) for more than three days.
- Shortness of breath, wheezing, or intense sore throat occurs.
When to See a Doctor
- Adults: Seek medical care if symptoms worsen or persist.
- Children: Immediate medical attention if fever is 100.4°F (38°C) in newborns up to 12 weeks or if symptoms intensify.
