Overview
A congenital heart defect (CHD) refers to an abnormality in the heart’s structure that is present at birth. These defects can affect the heart walls, valves, or blood vessels. CHDs vary in complexity, from mild conditions to severe, life-threatening issues.
Types of congenital heart defect (CHD)
- Heart Valve Defects:
- Valves inside the heart may close improperly or leak, affecting blood flow.
- Examples: Atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary valve stenosis.
- Heart Wall Defects:
- Natural walls between heart chambers may not develop correctly.
- Blood may back up or accumulate in abnormal places.
- Examples: Ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrioventricular canal defect.
- Blood Vessel Defects:
- Arteries and veins that carry blood may function incorrectly.
- Reduced or blocked blood flow can lead to complications.
- Examples: Coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the great arteries.
Causes of congenital heart defect (CHD)
Multiple Factors:
- The exact cause is often unknown.
Risk Factors of congenital heart defect (CHD)
- Infections during pregnancy (e.g., rubella)
- Maternal illnesses (diabetes, autoimmune disorders)
- Medications (isotretinoin, lithium)
- Maternal obesity, smoking, or alcohol use
- Hereditary factors (family history, genetic mutations)
Symptoms of congenital heart defect (CHD)
1. Serious CHDs (Early Symptoms): Cyanosis (bluish skin, lips, or nails)
Rapid breathing
Poor feeding and growth in newborns
Irregular heartbeat
2. Less Serious CHDs (Later Symptoms): Shortness of breath during exercise
Fatigue during physical activity
Swelling in hands, ankles, or feet
Preventions of congenital heart defect (CHD)
- Pregnant Women:
- Control blood sugar levels
- Avoid exposure to rubella virus
- Abstain from alcohol and smoking
- Consider genetic screening if there’s a family history of CHD
Diagnosis of congenital heart defect (CHD)
- Prenatal Diagnosis:
- Ultrasound during pregnancy
- Postnatal Diagnosis:
- Echocardiogram
- Chest X-ray
- MRI scan
Treatment for congenital heart defect (CHD)
- Minor Defects:
- May not require treatment
- Moderate to Severe Defects:
- Blood pressure medications
- Heart devices
- Catheter procedures
- Surgery (including heart transplant if necessary)
When to seek medical attention ?
- Early Detection:
- Seek medical attention if symptoms appear in newborns.
- Ongoing Care:
- Regular follow-up for children with CHDs.
