Overview
Congenital heart disease refers to structural abnormalities in the heart present at birth. These defects can impact blood flow and oxygen levels. Let’s delve into the specifics.
Types of Congenital heart disease
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): A hole between the upper chambers of the heart.
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): A hole between the lower chambers.
- Complete Atrioventricular Canal Defect (CAVC): A severe defect affecting all four chambers.
Causes of Congenital heart disease
The exact cause remains unclear, but factors may include genetics, certain medications during pregnancy, maternal illnesses, and environmental influences.
Risk Factors of Congenital heart disease
- Genetics: CHD tends to run in families.
- Maternal Health: Infections, diabetes, obesity, and smoking during pregnancy increase risk.
Symptoms of Congenital heart disease
1. Irregular Heartbeats (Arrhythmias): Arrhythmias occur due to abnormal electrical signals in the heart.
Symptoms include palpitations, fluttering sensations, or a racing heart.
Some arrhythmias may be harmless, while others require medical attention.
2. Cyanosis (Bluish Skin): Cyanosis results from inadequate oxygen levels in the blood.
Bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds is common.
Severe cyanosis indicates significant CHD and warrants urgent evaluation.
3. Shortness of Breath and Fatigue: CHD affects blood flow, leading to reduced oxygen supply to tissues.
Individuals may experience breathlessness during physical activity.
Fatigue results from the heart working harder to compensate for defects.
4. Skin Swelling (Edema): Fluid buildup (edema) occurs due to poor circulation.
Swollen ankles, legs, or abdomen may be noticeable.
Edema can worsen with exertion or when lying down.
Preventions of Congenital heart disease
- Vaccination: Ensure rubella and flu vaccinations.
- Folic Acid: Take 400 mcg daily during the first trimester of pregnancy.
- Avoid Alcohol and Medications: Especially during pregnancy.
- Control Diabetes: If you have it.
Diagnosis of Congenital heart disease
History, physical examination, pulse oximetry, ECG, echocardiogram, imaging tests, and cardiac catheterization.
Treatment for Congenital heart disease
- Minor defects may not need treatment.
- Medications (e.g., enalapril, warfarin).
- Procedures (catheterization, open-heart surgery).
- Heart transplant for severe cases.
When to seek medical attention ?
- Unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath.
- If you had CHD treatment as a child.
