Overview
Delirium is a sudden, fluctuating, and usually reversible disturbance of mental function. It results in confused thinking and a lack of awareness of someone’s surroundings. The disorder typically comes on rapidly, within hours or a few days. Delirium can often be traced to one or more factors, including severe illness, imbalances in the body (such as low sodium), certain medications, infection, surgery, or alcohol/drug use or withdrawal.
Types of Delirium
Experts have identified three main types of delirium:
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Hyperactive Delirium:
- Easily recognizable due to restlessness and pacing.
- Anxiety, rapid mood swings, and hallucinations may occur.
- Individuals with hyperactive delirium often resist care.
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Hypoactive Delirium:
- Characterized by reduced activity and sluggishness.
- Individuals may seem dazed and unresponsive.
- Interaction with family and others is minimal.
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Mixed Delirium:
- Symptoms involve both hyperactive and hypoactive features.
- Individuals may switch back and forth between restlessness and sluggishness.
Causes of Delirium
Delirium can be triggered by various factors, including:
- Severe or long illness
- Imbalances in the body (e.g., low sodium)
- Certain medications
- Infection
- Surgery
- Alcohol or drug use/withdrawal.
Risk Factors of Delirium
Risk factors for delirium include:
- Advanced age
- Underlying medical conditions (e.g., dementia)
- Substance abuse
- Hospitalization
- Sensory impairment (e.g., poor vision or hearing)
- Sleep disturbances
- Medications (especially sedatives and anticholinergic drugs)
Symptoms of Delirium
Symptoms of delirium usually begin over a few hours or days and often fluctuate throughout the day. Key symptoms include:Preventions of Delirium
To prevent delirium, consider the following:
- Manage underlying health conditions
- Avoid medications that can worsen delirium
- Maintain good sleep hygiene
- Provide sensory aids (glasses, hearing aids)
- Encourage physical activity and social engagement.
Diagnosis of Delirium
Diagnosing delirium involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Evaluation includes ruling out other conditions and identifying potential causes. Consultation with a healthcare professional is crucial.
Treatment for Delirium
reatment focuses on addressing underlying causes, managing symptoms, and providing supportive care. Strategies include:
- Treating infections
- Adjusting medications
- Ensuring proper nutrition and hydration
- Creating a calm and familiar environment
- In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
When to seek medical attention ?
Seek medical attention if you or a loved one experience sudden changes in mental function, confusion, or altered awareness. Early intervention is essential for better outcomes.
