Overview
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin, leading to a buildup of acids called ketones in the bloodstream. If left untreated, DKA can be life-threatening. In this article, we’ll explore the causes, symptoms, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of DKA.
Types of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Type 1 Diabetes-Related DKA: Most commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.
- Type 2 Diabetes-Related DKA: Less common but can occur in people with type 2 diabetes, especially during severe illness or stress.
Causes of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
DKA results from:
- Insufficient Insulin: When the body lacks insulin, it breaks down fat for energy, releasing ketones into the blood.
- Triggers: Illness (e.g., pneumonia, urinary tract infection), dehydration, inadequate insulin therapy, physical or emotional trauma, heart attack, drug or alcohol abuse, and certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, diuretics).
Risk Factors of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Type 1 Diabetes: Individuals with type 1 diabetes are at higher risk.
- Infection or Illness: Any condition that stresses the body can trigger DKA.
- Insulin Noncompliance: Skipping insulin doses or inadequate dosing.
- Stressful Events: Trauma, surgery, or emotional stress.
Symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Early signs of DKA include:1. Increased Thirst.
2. Frequent Urination.
3. Nausea and Vomiting.
4. Abdominal Pain.
5. Weakness or Fatigue.
6. Shortness of breath.
7. Fruity-Scented Breath.
Preventions of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Monitor Blood Sugar and Ketone Levels: Regularly check blood sugar and ketones.
- Recognize Warning Signs: Learn the symptoms of DKA.
- Follow Treatment Plan: Adhere to prescribed diabetes management.
- Adjust Insulin Dosage: Modify insulin as needed.
Diagnosis of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Medical History and Physical Examination
- Blood Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar, ketones, and electrolytes.
- Urine Test: Detects ketones in urine.
- X-ray and ECG: Assess heart function.
Treatment for Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Emergency Room or Hospital Stay: Immediate treatment.
- Fluid Replacement: Rehydrate orally or intravenously.
- Electrolyte Replacement: Restore sodium, potassium, and chloride balance.
- Insulin Therapy: Administered intravenously.
- Diet: Liquid diet with carbohydrates and salt.
- Self-Care: Regular follow-up visits, fluid intake, and medication adherence.
When to seek medical attention ?
Seek emergency care if:
- Blood sugar exceeds 300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L).
- Ketones are present in urine.
- Multiple symptoms of DKA occur.