Dry eye disease

Overview

Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the eyes do not receive adequate lubrication due to insufficient tear production or poor-quality tears.Dry eye disease refers to a disruption in the normal tear film, compromising the ocular surface. Tears play a crucial role in maintaining eye health by providing lubrication, nourishment, and protection against infections.

Types of Dry eye disease

Understanding the different types of dry eye is essential for effective management:

1. Aqueous-Deficient Dry Eye:

   • Cause: Insufficient tear production from the lacrimal glands.
   • Characteristics: Affects the watery component of tears.
   • Common Factors: Aging, hormonal changes, autoimmune diseases.

2. Evaporative Dry Eye:

   • Cause: Rapid tear evaporation due to meibomian gland dysfunction.
   • Characteristics: Poor-quality tears (specifically, deficient lipid layer).
   • Associated Factors: Prolonged screen time, environmental conditions.

Causes of Dry eye disease

Several factors contribute to dry eyes:

• Hormonal Changes: Aging, menopause, and hormonal fluctuations affect tear production.
• Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome lead to dry eyes.
• Medications: Antihistamines, diuretics, and antidepressants can cause dryness.
• Environmental Factors: Air conditioning, low humidity, and exposure to wind or smoke.
• Eyelid Gland Dysfunction: Meibomian gland inflammation disrupts tear quality.

Risk Factors of Dry eye disease

Certain groups are more prone to dry eye disease:

• Age: Prevalence increases with age.
• Gender: Females are at higher risk.
• Ethnicity: Asians have a higher incidence.
• Digital Device Use: Prolonged screen time exacerbates dryness.
• Smoking: Tobacco use worsens dry eyes.

Symptoms of Dry eye disease

Preventions of Dry eye disease

To prevent or manage dry eyes:

• Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration supports tear production.
• Artificial Tears: Use lubricating eye drops as needed.
• Blink Regularly: Remind yourself to blink during screen use.
• Humidify Indoor Air: Maintain humidity levels.
• Protect Your Eyes: Wear sunglasses outdoors.

Diagnosis of Dry eye disease

Diagnosis: Ophthalmologists evaluate tear production, tear breakup time, and ocular surface health.

Treatment for Dry eye disease

• Lifestyle Modifications: Proper hydration, humidifiers, and protective eyewear.
• Artificial Tears: Lubricating eye drops.
• Warm Compresses: Improve meibomian gland function.
• Prescription Medications: Cyclosporine (Restasis) or lifitegrast (Xiidra).

When to seek medical attention ?

Consult an eye specialist if you experience persistent dry eye symptoms. Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications.