Overview
End-stage renal disease (ESRD), also known as end-stage kidney disease or kidney failure, occurs when chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses to a point where kidney function is no longer adequate for long-term survival without kidney transplantation or dialysis. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is typically less than 15 mL per minute per 1.73 m² when ESRD is diagnosed.
Types of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
ESRD can be classified into the following types:
- Hemodialysis-Dependent ESRD: Most patients receive hemodialysis, a process that filters blood outside the body to remove waste products and excess fluids.
- Peritoneal Dialysis-Dependent ESRD: Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen to filter blood.
- Kidney Transplant-Dependent ESRD: Kidney transplantation offers the best patient outcomes but is limited by donor availability.
Causes of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
ESRD has various causes, including:
- Diabetes Mellitus: Uncontrolled diabetes damages the kidneys over time.
- Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Prolonged high blood pressure harms kidney function.
- Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli).
- Polycystic Kidney Disease: Genetic disorder causing cysts in the kidneys.
- Other Chronic Kidney Diseases: Such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and drug-related kidney damage.
Risk Factors of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Risk factors for ESRD include:
- Diabetes and Hypertension: Leading causes of ESRD.
- Age: Older adults are at higher risk.
- Family History: Genetic predisposition.
- Obesity, Smoking, and High Cholesterol.
Symptoms of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Common symptoms of ESRD include:Preventions of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
To prevent ESRD:
- Manage Diabetes and Hypertension
- Avoid Nephrotoxic Medications
- Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle.
Diagnosis of End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Diagnosis involves assessing GFR, urine tests, and imaging. Evaluation includes identifying the underlying cause and assessing overall health.
Treatment for End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Treatment options include:
- Dialysis: Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
- Kidney Transplantation: Ideal for eligible patients.
- Conservative Management: Palliative approach for those with limited life expectancy or severe comorbid conditions.
When to seek medical attention ?
Patients should seek medical attention if they experience symptoms or have risk factors for ESRD.
