Endocarditis

Overview

Endocarditis is a serious condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves, known as the endocardium. This life-threatening condition is typically caused by bacterial or fungal infections. Without prompt treatment, endocarditis can lead to severe complications and even death.

Types of Endocarditis

There are three main forms of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops suddenly and can become life-threatening within days. It often affects people with healthy hearts.
2. Subacute or Chronic Endocarditis: Develops slowly over weeks to months. It typically occurs in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or damaged heart valves.
3. Prosthetic Valvular Endocarditis: Occurs within a year after heart valve replacement surgery. The risk is higher for those with artificial heart valves.

Causes of Endocarditis

Endocarditis is primarily caused by infections with bacteria, fungi, or other germs. These pathogens enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart, where they attach to damaged heart valves or tissue.

Risk Factors of Endocarditis

Common risk factors include:

• Artificial Heart Valves: People who have undergone heart valve replacement surgery are at increased risk.
• Damaged Heart Valves: Conditions such as rheumatic heart disease or congenital heart defects can lead to valve damage.
• Congenital Heart Issues: Birth defects affecting heart structure increase susceptibility.
• Previous Bacterial Endocarditis: A history of endocarditis raises the risk.
• Intravenous Drug Abuse: Injecting drugs increases the likelihood of infection.
• Suppressed Immune System: Immunosuppressive conditions or medications weaken the body’s defense mechanisms.
• Heart Devices (e.g., pacemakers): These can serve as sites for bacterial attachment.
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): A thickened heart muscle may create an environment conducive to infection.

Symptoms of Endocarditis

Preventions of Endocarditis

To prevent endocarditis:

• Maintain Good Oral Hygiene: Regular dental care is crucial.
• Avoid Non-Sterile Procedures: Be cautious with piercings, tattoos, and other invasive procedures.
• Preventive Antibiotics: High-risk patients (e.g., those with damaged valves) may receive antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures.

Diagnosis of Endocarditis

Diagnosing endocarditis involves blood tests, CT scans, MRIs, ECGs, and X-rays.

Treatment for Endocarditis

Treatment options include:

• Antibiotics: Targeting the specific pathogen (e.g., penicillin).
• Surgery: In severe cases, damaged valves may need replacement with artificial ones.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience symptoms of endocarditis, especially if you have a congenital heart defect or a history of the condition, seek medical attention promptly. Early evaluation is crucial for effective management.