Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Overview

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid regularly flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. This reflux, commonly known as acid reflux, can lead to various symptoms and discomfort.

Types of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

1. Non-Erosive Reflux Disease (NERD):

   • Reflux symptoms without visible esophageal mucosal injury.

2. Erosive Esophagitis:

   • Inflammation and erosion of the esophageal lining due to acid reflux.

3. Barrett's Esophagus:

   • Transformation of the esophageal lining cells, often due to chronic acid exposure, which can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.

Causes of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Transient Relaxation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES): Occurs when the muscle between the esophagus and stomach relaxes inappropriately.
• Hiatal Hernia: The upper part of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through the diaphragm opening.
• Delayed Gastric Emptying: Slow movement of food from the stomach to the intestines.
• Dietary Triggers: Consuming large meals, fatty foods, caffeine, alcohol, or chocolate.

Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Obesity: Excess weight increases abdominal pressure, promoting reflux.
• Smoking: Affects LES function and increases acid production.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and increased pressure on the abdomen.
• Certain Medications: NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, and some asthma medications.

Symptoms of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Preventions of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

To reduce GERD symptoms:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Avoid obesity and excess abdominal pressure.
• Modify Eating Habits: Eat smaller meals, avoid late-night eating, and limit trigger foods.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking weakens the LES.
• Elevate the Head of the Bed: Helps prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus during sleep.

Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Diagnosis involves:

• Medical History: Detailed discussion of symptoms and lifestyle.
• Physical Examination: To assess signs like throat irritation or inflammation.
• Endoscopy: Direct visualization of the esophagus to check for damage.
• Esophageal pH Monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus over a period to evaluate reflux severity.

Treatment for Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

1. Lifestyle Modifications:

   • Dietary changes, weight management, and timing of meals.

2. Medications:

   • Antacids and H2 Blockers: Reduce stomach acid production.
   • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Stronger acid reducers.

3. Surgical Options:

   • Fundoplication: Surgery to strengthen the LES.
   • LINX Device: Magnetic device around the LES to prevent reflux.

4. Management Strategies:

   • Regular follow-ups to monitor symptoms and adjust treatment.
   • Psychological support for coping with chronic symptoms.

When to seek medical attention ?

Seek medical advice if:

• Symptoms persist despite lifestyle changes.
• Difficulty swallowing or pain with swallowing occurs.
• Chest pain or severe discomfort similar to heart pain.