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Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

Diseases and Conditions Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the lining of medium and large arteries. Most commonly, it impacts the arteries in the head, particularly those around the temples. GCA can lead to significant health issues if left untreated, including vision loss. Let’s delve into the specifics of this condition.

Types of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

  1. Cranial GCA: Primarily affects the head and neck arteries. Symptoms include severe headaches, jaw pain (jaw claudication), and scalp tenderness.
  2. Extracranial GCA: Involves arteries outside the head, such as the aorta and its branches. It may cause symptoms like arm pain during exercise.
  3. Systemic GCA: Affects multiple organs and systems, leading to general symptoms like fever, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss.
  4. Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Often occurs alongside GCA, causing muscle pain and stiffness in the shoulders and hips.

Causes of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

The exact cause of GCA remains unclear.

Risk Factors of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

 several factors contribute:

  • Autoimmune Response: The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy artery linings, leading to inflammation.
  • Age: GCA primarily affects individuals over 50 years old.
  • Gender: Women are more susceptible than men.
  • Genetics: Scandinavian ancestry increases the risk.
  • Smoking: Tobacco use may play a role.

Symptoms of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

GCA symptoms can vary, but common ones include:
1. Headaches: Often severe and localized around the temples.
2. Jaw Pain: Especially while chewing (jaw claudication).
3. Scalp Tenderness: Combing hair becomes painful.
4. Vision Problems: Blurred vision or sudden vision loss.
5. Fever, Fatigue, and Unintentional Weight Loss
6. Shoulder and Hip Pain
7. Depression.
8. Arms Pain During Exercise.

Preventions of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

While prevention isn’t always possible, certain lifestyle choices may reduce the risk:

  • Avoid Smoking: Quit smoking to lower your risk.
  • Regular Check-ups: Regular medical visits can help detect early signs.
  • Healthy Diet: Consume calcium-rich foods (milk, cheese, yogurt) and vitamin D sources (salmon, sardines) to support overall health.

Diagnosis of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

  • Temporal Artery Biopsy: A small sample is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm GCA.
  • Blood Tests: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and other markers.
  • Imaging: CT scans, ultrasound, and PET scans help assess artery inflammation.
  • Physical Examination: Assessing tenderness in temporal arteries.

Treatment for Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

  • Corticosteroids (Prednisone): Reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
  • Aspirin: Prevent clot formation.
  • Self-Care: Weight-bearing exercises, smoking cessation, and regular screenings.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience any symptoms suggestive of GCA, seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.