Overview
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the arteries in the head, particularly those in the temples. This condition leads to swelling of the arteries' lining, which can obstruct blood flow and cause various symptoms. GCA is considered a medical emergency due to its potential to cause vision loss if not promptly treated with corticosteroid medications.
Types of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
- Temporal Arteritis: The most common form affecting the temporal arteries, causing localized symptoms in the head.
- Extracranial Giant Cell Arteritis: Involves arteries outside the head, such as the aorta and its branches, leading to systemic symptoms.
Causes of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
- Immune System Dysfunction: The exact cause is unclear, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response targeting arterial walls.
- Genetic Factors: Certain genetic predispositions may increase susceptibility.
Risk Factors of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
- Age: Most commonly affects adults over 50, particularly those in their 70s and 80s.
- Gender: Women are more commonly affected than men.
- Ethnicity: Individuals of Northern European descent are at higher risk.
Symptoms of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
1. Headaches: Often severe and persistent.
2. Scalp Tenderness: Touching the scalp may cause discomfort.
3. Jaw Pain or Discomfort: Especially when chewing.
4. Vision Problems: Blurred vision, double vision, or sudden vision loss.
5. Mild Cases (Flu-Like Symptoms): Fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss.
Preventions of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
Currently, there are no known methods to prevent giant cell arteritis. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in managing symptoms and preventing complications.
Diagnosis of Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
- Clinical Evaluation: Based on symptoms and physical examination.
- Blood Tests: ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) and CRP (C-Reactive Protein) levels are typically elevated.
- Imaging: MRI or ultrasound to visualize affected arteries.
Treatment for Giant cell arteritis (GCA)
- Corticosteroids: Immediate treatment to reduce inflammation and prevent vision loss.
- Long-term Management: Adjusting dosage based on symptoms and side effects.
- Regular Monitoring: Follow-up visits to monitor disease progression and medication effects.
When to seek medical attention ?
- Immediate Medical Attention: If experiencing sudden vision changes or severe headaches.
- Regular Check-ups: Even with treatment, regular monitoring is necessary to manage symptoms effectively.
