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Glaucoma

Diseases and Conditions Glaucoma
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Glaucoma encompasses a group of eye conditions that gradually damage the optic nerve, crucial for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. The primary cause is often attributed to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), but it can also occur with normal eye pressure.

 

Types of Glaucoma

  1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: This is the most common type, characterized by slow clogging of the drainage canals, leading to increased IOP without any noticeable symptoms initially.

  2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Occurs when the iris bulges forward and blocks the drainage angle of the eye, causing a sudden increase in IOP and acute symptoms like severe eye pain, headache, and blurred vision.

  3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Despite normal IOP, optic nerve damage still occurs, indicating other factors may contribute to the condition.

  4. Secondary Glaucoma: Develops as a result of other eye conditions, trauma, or medications that affect eye pressure.

Causes of Glaucoma

 

  • High Intraocular Pressure (IOP): Build-up of fluid within the eye.
  • Poor Blood Flow to the Optic Nerve: Can lead to optic nerve damage.
  • Genetics: Family history increases the risk.
  • Age: More common in older adults.
  • Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups are at higher risk.

 

Risk Factors of Glaucoma

 

  • Age over 60: Increased risk with age.
  • Family History: Genetic predisposition.
  • Race: African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians are more prone.
  • Medical Conditions: Diabetes, hypertension.
  • Eye Conditions: Myopia, previous eye injuries.

 

Symptoms of Glaucoma

1. Gradual Loss of Peripheral Vision: Often unnoticed until advanced stages.
2. Blurred Vision.
3. Halos Around Lights.
4. Severe Eye Pain.
5. Nausea or Vomiting (in acute angle-closure glaucoma).

Preventions of Glaucoma

 

  • Regular Eye Exams: Early detection is key.
  • Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet and regular exercise.
  • Eye Protection: Wear protective eyewear during sports or work activities.

 

Diagnosis of Glaucoma

 

  • Tonometry: Measures IOP.
  • Ophthalmoscopy: Examines the optic nerve.
  • Perimetry: Tests visual fields.
  • Gonioscopy: Evaluates the eye’s drainage angle.

 

Treatment for Glaucoma

  1. Medications: Eye drops to reduce IOP.
  2. Laser Therapy: Improves fluid drainage.
  3. Surgery: Creates a new drainage channel.

When to seek medical attention ?

 

  • Regular Eye Exams: Especially if over 60 or with a family history of glaucoma.
  • Symptoms: Any sudden changes in vision or eye pain.