Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Overview

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prevalent viral infection that primarily causes skin or mucous membrane growths, commonly known as warts. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, each affecting different parts of the body. While some types of HPV cause benign warts, others are associated with various cancers, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV is typically transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact. Vaccination and regular screenings are crucial in preventing HPV-related complications.

Types of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

1. Common Warts (Verruca Vulgaris)
   • Rough, raised bumps usually found on hands and fingers.
2. Plantar Warts (Verruca Plantaris)
   • Hard, grainy growths on the soles of the feet, often causing discomfort.
3. Flat Warts (Verruca Plana)
   • Smooth, flat-topped lesions that can appear anywhere on the body, commonly on the face, neck, and legs.
4. Genital Warts
   • Small, cauliflower-like bumps that appear on the genital and anal areas. These are sexually transmitted.
5. High-Risk HPV Types
   • Types 16 and 18 are most commonly associated with cancers, particularly cervical cancer.

Causes of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV infection is caused by the human papillomavirus, which enters the body through small cuts, abrasions, or tears in the skin. The virus is primarily spread through:

• Sexual Contact: Including vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
• Skin-to-Skin Contact: Non-sexual transmission through direct contact with warts.
• Mother to Child: During childbirth, leading to respiratory papillomatosis in infants.

Risk Factors of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Several factors increase the risk of contracting HPV:

• Multiple Sexual Partners: Increases exposure to different strains of HPV.
• Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive drugs.
• Damaged Skin: Open wounds or skin conditions that facilitate virus entry.
• Age: Common warts are more prevalent in children, while genital warts are more common in sexually active individuals.
• Personal Contact: Direct contact with someone who has HPV warts.

Symptoms of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Preventions of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Preventing HPV infection involves several strategies:

• Vaccination: HPV vaccines protect against the most common cancer-causing strains.
• Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners.
• Regular Screenings: Pap smears and HPV tests for early detection of cervical changes.
• Avoiding Skin Contact: With warts on others.

Diagnosis of Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Diagnosing HPV involves:

• Physical Examination: Visual inspection of warts.
• Pap Smear: Screening for cervical changes.
• HPV DNA Test: Detects high-risk HPV types.
• Biopsy: For suspicious lesions.

Treatment for Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Treatment options for HPV include:

• Topical Medications: Salicylic acid, imiquimod, and podofilox for warts.
• Cryotherapy: Freezing off warts.
• Surgical Removal: For persistent or large warts.
• Laser Therapy: For difficult-to-treat warts.
• Vaccination: Prevents future infections.

When to seek medical attention ?

Consult a healthcare provider if you notice:

• Persistent or painful warts.
• Unusual growths or lesions.
• Symptoms of HPV-related cancers.