Hypercalcemia-article-banner

Hypercalcemia

Diseases and Conditions Hypercalcemia
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
Hypercalcemia-image

Overview

Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, such as bone health and muscle function. However, when calcium levels become too high, it can lead to a range of health problems, including weakened bones, kidney stones, and cardiovascular issues. In this article, we will delve into the world of hypercalcemia, exploring its types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention strategies, complications, diagnosis methods, treatment options, and management techniques.

Types of Hypercalcemia

  1. Primary Hypercalcemia: This type occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased calcium levels.
  2. Secondary Hypercalcemia: This type is caused by factors outside of the parathyroid glands, such as cancer or certain medications.
  3. Tertiary Hypercalcemia: This type occurs when hypercalcemia persists even after treatment for primary or secondary hypercalcemia.

Causes of Hypercalcemia

  1. Hyperparathyroidism: Overactive parathyroid glands produce excessive PTH.
  2. Cancer: Certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer or multiple myeloma.
  3. Medications: Certain medications like lithium or thiazide diuretics.
  4. Vitamin D toxicity: Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements.
  5. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia: A rare genetic disorder.

Risk Factors of Hypercalcemia

  1. Age: Older adults are more susceptible to hypercalcemia.
  2. Family history: A family history of hyperparathyroidism or other endocrine disorders.
  3. Medical conditions: Certain conditions like kidney disease or Paget's disease.
  4. Diet: A diet high in calcium or vitamin D.
  5. Medications: Certain medications like antacids or proton pump inhibitors.

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

1. Bone pain: Pain in the bones or joints due to weakened bones.
2. Kidney stones: Increased risk of developing kidney stones.
3. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak due to high calcium levels.
4. Confusion: Confusion or disorientation due to high calcium levels affecting brain function.
5. Abdominal Pain: Pain in the abdomen due to constipation or pancreatitis.

Preventions of Hypercalcemia

  1. Maintain a balanced diet: Avoid excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D.
  2. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water to prevent dehydration.
  3. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help maintain bone health.
  4. Monitor calcium levels: Regular blood tests can help detect hypercalcemia early.

Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia

  1. Blood tests: Measure calcium levels in the blood.
  2. Urinalysis: Measure calcium levels in urine.
  3. Imaging tests: X-rays or CT scans to evaluate bone health.
  4. Parathyroid hormone test: Measure PTH levels.

Treatment for Hypercalcemia

  1. Medications: Bisphosphonates or calcimimetics to lower calcium levels.
  2. Surgery: Remove affected parathyroid gland(s).
  3. Dietary changes: Reduce calcium intake.
  4. Hydration therapy: Intravenous fluids to treat dehydration.

Management

  1. Regular monitoring: Regular blood tests to monitor calcium levels.
  2. Lifestyle modifications: Maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly.
  3. Medication adherence: Adhere to prescribed medications.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience any of the following symptoms:

  • Bone pain
  • Kidney stones
  • Fatigue
  • Confusion
  • Abdominal pain

Seek medical attention immediately if you experience any severe symptoms.