Lichen Planus: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment

Overview

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin, hair, nails, mouth, and genitals. It is characterized by the formation of purple, itchy, flat bumps on the skin and lacy white patches in the mouth and genital mucosa. The condition can cause significant discomfort and pain.

Types of Lichen planus

There are several types of lichen planus, including:

Cutaneous lichen planus: This type affects the skin and may cause purple, flat bumps.
Mucosal lichen planus: This type affects the mucous membranes in the mouth and genital area.
Oral lichen planus: This type affects the mouth and can cause painful sores.
Genital lichen planus: This type affects the genital area and can cause itching and discomfort.

Causes of Lichen planus

The exact cause of lichen planus is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Risk Factors of Lichen planus

Certain individuals may be more at risk of developing lichen planus due to:

Family history.
Age (most common in adults)
Sex (more common in women).
Exposure to certain chemicals or metals.
Certain medications.

Symptoms of Lichen planus

1. Skin Symptoms: 1.Purple, Itchy, Flat Bumps: These bumps often develop over several weeks and can appear anywhere on the body, but are commonly found on the wrists, ankles, lower back, and neck. 2.Polygonal Shape: The bumps typically have a polygonal shape and a shiny appearance due to a fine network of lines called Wickham’s striae. 3.Itching: The affected areas can be intensely itchy, causing significant discomfort.

2. Oral Symptoms: 1.Lacy White Patches: These patches can appear on the inner cheeks, gums, tongue, and lips. 2.Painful Sores: In some cases, the white patches can develop into painful sores. 3.Burning Sensation: There may be a burning sensation, especially when eating spicy or acidic foods. 4.Swelling and Redness: The gums may become swollen and red, leading to discomfort while brushing teeth. 5.Difficulty Eating and Speaking: Pain and irritation can make it difficult to eat, speak, and swallow.

3. Genital Symptoms: 1.Lacy White Patches: Similar to the mouth, lacy white patches can appear on the genital mucosa. 2.Painful Sores: These patches can also develop into painful sores, causing discomfort.

4. Nail Symptoms: 1.Ridges and Grooves: The nails may develop ridges and grooves. 2.Thinning and Splitting: Nails can become thin and split easily. 3.Loss of Nails: In severe cases, nails may be lost.

5. Hair Symptoms: 1.Hair Loss: Lichen planus can cause hair loss, particularly in areas where the scalp is affected. 2.Scalp Lesions: Lesions on the scalp can lead to scarring and permanent hair loss.

6. General Symptoms: 1.Discomfort and Pain: The condition can cause significant discomfort and pain, especially in areas with mucous membranes. 2.Chronic Nature: Lichen planus is a chronic condition, meaning it can persist for a long time and may require ongoing management.

Preventions of Lichen planus

There is currently no known way to prevent lichen planus, but avoiding exposure to certain chemicals or metals may help reduce the risk.

Diagnosis of Lichen planus

Diagnosis of lichen planus typically involves a physical examination and diagnostic tests, including:

Skin biopsy.
Histopathological examination.
Blood tests.
Imaging studies (e.g., X-rays).

Treatment for Lichen planus

Treatment for lichen planus typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes, including:

Topical corticosteroids: These creams or ointments can help reduce inflammation and itching. Examples include hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, and fluocinonide.
Oral corticosteroids: In severe cases, oral corticosteroids such as prednisone may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and itching.
Immunosuppressive medications: These medications, such as cyclosporine, can help reduce inflammation and prevent scarring.
Pain relief medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate discomfort and pain.
Lifestyle changes: Avoiding triggers, such as certain chemicals or metals, and using gentle skincare products can help reduce symptoms.