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major depressive disorder (MDD)

Diseases and Conditions major depressive disorder (MDD)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It goes beyond occasional feelings of sadness and can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. Here are some key points about depression:

  1. Definition: Depression is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities.
  2. Prevalence: It’s essential to recognize that depression is not a sign of weakness but a medical condition that requires attention and treatment.
  3. Symptoms: Depression affects how you feel, think, and behave. Common symptoms include persistent sadness, fatigue, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating.
  4. Treatment: Fortunately, depression is treatable. A combination of medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle adjustments, and support can help manage symptoms.

Types of major depressive disorder (MDD)

  1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): The most common form of depression, characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest.
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic low-grade depression lasting for at least two years.
  3. Bipolar Disorder: Alternating periods of depression and mania (elevated mood).

Causes of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Depression is multifactorial, with various contributing factors:

  1. Biological Factors:

    • Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Reduced serotonin and norepinephrine levels play a role.
    • Genetics: Family history increases the risk.
    • Brain Structure: Abnormalities in brain regions involved in mood regulation.

  2. Psychosocial Factors:

    • Stressful Life Events: Loss, trauma, or chronic stress.
    • Social Isolation: Lack of social support.
    • Personality Traits: Pessimism, low self-esteem.

Risk Factors of major depressive disorder (MDD)

  1. Gender: Women are more prone to depression.
  2. Age: Common in young adults and middle-aged individuals.
  3. Family History: Genetic predisposition.
  4. Chronic Illness: Conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or cancer.
  5. Substance Abuse: Alcohol or drug misuse.

Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Common symptoms include:
1. Persistent Sadness: Individuals with depression experience prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair. This emotional state persists for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.
2. Fatigue and Lack of Energy: Depression often leads to persistent fatigue and a lack of energy. Even simple tasks may feel overwhelming and exhausting.
3. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia (difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness) are common. Sleep patterns are disrupted, affecting overall well-being.
4. Changes in Appetite and Weight: Some people with depression experience decreased appetite and weight loss. Others may have increased appetite, leading to weight gain.
5. Difficulty Concentrating and Making Decisions: Cognitive impairment is a hallmark of depression. Individuals find it challenging to focus, remember details, or make decisions.
6. Feelings of Guilt or Worthlessness: Depressed individuals often experience intense guilt or feelings of inadequacy. They may blame themselves for their condition or perceive themselves as a burden to others.
7. Loss of Interest or Pleasure (Anhedonia): Activities that once brought joy or satisfaction no longer hold appeal. Hobbies, social interactions, and even favorite pastimes become uninteresting.
8. Physical Symptoms: Unexplained aches, pains, and physical discomfort are common. These symptoms often coexist with emotional distress.
9. Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation: Some individuals become restless, fidgety, and unable to sit still. Others experience psychomotor retardation, where movements slow down significantly.
10. Suicidal Thoughts or Ideation: In severe cases, depression leads to thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Anyone experiencing suicidal thoughts should seek immediate help.

Preventions of major depressive disorder (MDD)

While prevention isn’t always possible, lifestyle adjustments can help:

  • Regular exercise
  • Healthy diet
  • Adequate sleep
  • Stress management

Diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD)

  1. Clinical Assessment: A doctor evaluates symptoms, medical history, and risk factors.
  2. Diagnostic Criteria: Based on standardized criteria (e.g., DSM-5).
  3. Physical Examination: Rule out other medical conditions.
  4. Psychological Tests: Assess mood and cognitive function.

Treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD)

  1. Medication:
    • Antidepressants: SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics.
    • Mood Stabilizers: For bipolar depression.
  2. Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps change negative thought patterns.
    • Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Focuses on relationships.
  3. Lifestyle Changes:
    • Regular exercise
    • Social support
    • Stress reduction techniques.

When to seek medical attention ?

  • If you experience persistent sadness, loss of interest, or other depressive symptoms.
  • Seek immediate help if you have suicidal thoughts.