Moyamoya disease

Overview

Moyamoya disease is a rare and complex condition that affects the blood vessels in the brain. It is characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the carotid artery, which reduces blood flow to the brain. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including strokes, cognitive and developmental delays, and disability. Moyamoya disease is more common in East Asian countries, particularly in Korea, Japan, and China.

Types of Moyamoya disease

Moyamoya disease is classified into two main types:

1. Moyamoya syndrome: This type occurs when the carotid artery is blocked or narrowed due to atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) or other conditions.
2. Moyamoya disease: This type is caused by a genetic mutation or other unknown factors.

Causes of Moyamoya disease

The exact cause of Moyamoya disease is unknown, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors. In some cases, it may be associated with other conditions such as:

• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing Moyamoya disease.
• Atherosclerosis: Plaque buildup in the carotid artery can lead to blockage or narrowing.
• Tumors: Tumors in the brain or head can compress the carotid artery and reduce blood flow.
• Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause inflammation and damage to the blood vessels.

Risk Factors of Moyamoya disease

While Moyamoya disease can affect anyone, certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition:

• Age: Children are more likely to develop Moyamoya disease than adults.
• Family history: Having a family history of Moyamoya disease or other conditions that affect blood vessels.
• Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing Moyamoya disease.
• Ethnicity: Moyamoya disease is more common in East Asian countries.

Symptoms of Moyamoya disease

Preventions of Moyamoya disease

While there is no definitive way to prevent Moyamoya disease, certain lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of developing the condition:

• Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
• Regular exercise: Regular physical activity can help improve overall cardiovascular health.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking can increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

Diagnosis of Moyamoya disease

A diagnosis of Moyamoya disease typically involves a combination of imaging tests and physical exams. These may include:

• Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): A non-invasive test that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of blood vessels.
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan: A non-invasive test that uses X-rays and computer technology to create images of internal structures.
• Carotid ultrasound: A non-invasive test that uses sound waves to create images of blood vessels in the neck.
• Physical exam: A healthcare provider will perform a physical exam to check for signs of stroke or other neurological deficits.

Treatment for Moyamoya disease

Treatment for Moyamoya disease typically involves a combination of medications and surgical interventions. These may include:

• Medications: Medications such as aspirin and antiplatelet agents may be used to reduce the risk of stroke or mini-stroke.
• Surgical interventions: Surgical procedures such as carotid endarterectomy or bypass surgery may be used to restore blood flow to the brain.
• Angioplasty: A minimally invasive procedure that uses balloons and stents to open blocked blood vessels.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience any symptoms of Moyamoya disease, such as transient ischemic attacks or strokes, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. If you have a family history of Moyamoya disease or are concerned about your risk factors, consult with a healthcare provider.