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Multiple Myeloma

Diseases and Conditions Multiple Myeloma
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Multiple myeloma is a rare but serious blood cancer that originates in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, disrupting the normal production of blood cells. In healthy individuals, plasma cells play a crucial role in fighting infections by producing antibodies. However, in multiple myeloma, these cancerous plasma cells produce dysfunctional proteins called M proteins, leading to various complications.

Types of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma can be classified into different types based on the specific immunoglobulin (protein) produced by the myeloma cells. These immunoglobulins have distinct functions within the body. Here are the main types:

  1. IgG Kappa Myeloma: The most common type, where myeloma cells produce immunoglobulins made from two IgG heavy chains bound to two kappa light chains.
  2. IgA Kappa Myeloma: Similar to IgG kappa, but with IgA heavy chains.
  3. IgD Kappa Myeloma: Rare and aggressive, characterized by IgD heavy chains.
  4. IgE Kappa Myeloma: Also rare, with IgE heavy chains.
  5. IgM Kappa Myeloma: Uncommon, producing IgM heavy chains.

Additionally, there are subtypes based on the light protein chains (kappa or lambda). These subtypes include IgG lambda, IgA lambda, IgD lambda, IgE lambda, and IgM lambda.

Causes of Multiple Myeloma

The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unclear.

Risk Factors of Multiple Myeloma

several risk factors contribute to its development:

  1. Age: Most cases occur in people over 65 years old.
  2. Gender: Men are slightly more susceptible than women.
  3. Race: African Americans have a higher risk.
  4. Family History: Having a close relative with myeloma increases the likelihood.
  5. Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): MGUS can progress to myeloma.
  6. Excess Body Weight: Obesity may elevate the risk.
  7. Radiation Exposure: Past exposure to radiation.
  8. Lowered Immunity: HIV infection or immunosuppressant use.

Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Early myeloma may be asymptomatic, but when signs appear, they include:
1. Bone pain: Especially in the spine, chest, or hips.
2. Nausea
3. Constipation
4. Loss of Appetite
5. Mental Fogginess or Confusion
6. Fatigue
7. Frequent infections
8. Weight Loss
9. Weakness
10. Increased Thirst and Frequent Urination

Preventions of Multiple Myeloma

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent multiple myeloma, certain lifestyle choices may reduce the risk:

  • Maintain a Healthy Weight: Regular exercise and a balanced diet can help.
  • Avoid Radiation Exposure: Limit unnecessary exposure to radiation.
  • Quit Smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk.
  • Monitor MGUS: Regular check-ups if you have MGUS.

Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma

Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves:

  • Blood tests
  • Imaging (X-rays, CT scans, MRI, PET)
  • Bone marrow biopsy. Early detection is crucial for effective management.

Treatment for Multiple Myeloma

Treatment includes medication, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation:

  1. Medication:
    • Chemotherapy (Vincristine, Doxorubicin)
    • Targeted therapy (Bortezomib, Carfilzomib)
    • Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Dexamethasone)
  2. Bone Marrow Transplantation: Replacing the bone marrow with a healthy one.
  3. Radiation Therapy: Shrinking cancerous cells or tumors using high-energy beams.

When to seek medical attention ?

Consult a healthcare professional if you experience any of the following:

  • Unexplained bone pain or fractures
  • Persistent fatigue
  • Frequent infections
  • Unintended weight loss
  • Abnormal blood test results (elevated calcium levels, kidney dysfunction)
  • Signs of anemia (pale skin, weakness)