“Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention”

Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)-image

Overview

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and adolescents. It typically occurs several weeks after exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19. MIS-C is characterized by widespread inflammation and can involve multiple organ systems simultaneously.

Types of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

MIS-C does not have distinct subtypes, but it commonly affects the following organ systems:

Cardiovascular System: Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and pericarditis (inflammation of the heart lining).
Gastrointestinal System: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Dermatologic System: Rash and conjunctivitis.
Neurological System: Neurological symptoms such as headache, altered mental status, and seizures.
Hematologic System: Abnormalities in blood clotting and platelet function.

Causes of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

The exact cause of MIS-C is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from an abnormal immune response triggered by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genetic factors may also play a role. Notably, not all MIS-C patients test positive for active SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of MIS-C diagnosis.

Risk Factors of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Several risk factors are associated with MIS-C:

Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection
Age under 21 years
Persistent fever lasting at least one day
Evidence of inflammation (elevated inflammatory markers)
Multisystem organ involvement requiring hospitalization
Exclusion of alternative diagnoses.

Symptoms of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

MIS-C presents with a combination of symptoms, which may include:

1. High Fever: Persistent fever lasting at least one day. Often accompanied by other symptoms.

2. Skin Rash: Red or pink rash on the skin. May appear on various body parts.

3. Red Eyes (Conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva (the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye). Eyes may appear red and irritated.

4. Abdominal Pain: Children may complain of stomach ache. Abdominal discomfort can be severe.

5. Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Diarrhea and vomiting. Gastrointestinal involvement is common.

6. Cardiac Symptoms: Chest pain or palpitations. Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) can occur.

7. Respiratory Symptoms: Cough and difficulty breathing. Respiratory system involvement.

8. Neurological Symptoms: Headache, altered mental status, or seizures. Neurological manifestations are possible.

Preventions of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Preventing MIS-C involves controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2:

Vaccination (when eligible)
Hygiene practices (handwashing, mask-wearing)
Social distancing
Early recognition of symptoms and prompt medical evaluation.

Diagnosis of Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Diagnosing MIS-C involves considering the following criteria:

Age
Duration of fever
Evidence of multisystem organ involvement
History of SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

Treatment for Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and supporting affected organs. Immunomodulatory therapies (such as intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids) are commonly used. Consultation with specialists (cardiologists, infectious disease experts, and rheumatologists) is crucial.

When to seek medical attention ?

Parents should seek medical help promptly if their child exhibits symptoms suggestive of MIS-C, especially if there is a recent history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

Doctors and experts available for consultation

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)