Narcolepsy

Overview

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy experience excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sudden sleep attacks, and other related symptoms. Let’s delve into the details of this complex condition.

Types of Narcolepsy

1. Type 1 Narcolepsy (with Cataplexy):
   • Characterized by EDS and cataplexy.
   • Cataplexy involves sudden muscle weakness triggered by intense emotions (e.g., laughter, excitement).
   • Most individuals with type 1 narcolepsy have cataplexy.
2. Type 2 Narcolepsy (without Cataplexy):
   • EDS without cataplexy.
   • Less common than type 1 narcolepsy.

Causes of Narcolepsy

The exact cause of narcolepsy remains unclear, but several factors contribute:

• Hypocretin Deficiency: Narcolepsy is associated with low levels of hypocretin (orexin), a neurotransmitter that regulates wakefulness.
• Genetics: A genetic predisposition may increase the risk.
• Autoimmune Dysfunction: The immune system may attack hypocretin-producing cells.
• Environmental Triggers: Infections, hormonal changes, and stress may play a role.

Risk Factors of Narcolepsy

• Age: Narcolepsy typically emerges between ages 10 and 30.
• Family History: A family history of narcolepsy increases the risk.

Symptoms of Narcolepsy

Preventions of Narcolepsy

• Stress Reduction: Manage stress to minimize symptoms.
• Scheduled Naps: Short naps during the day can help.
• Regular Exercise: Promotes better sleep quality.
• Strict Sleep Schedule: Consistent sleep times are crucial.
• Counseling: Address embarrassment and emotional challenges.

Diagnosis of Narcolepsy

• Epworth Sleepiness Scale: Assesses daytime sleepiness.
• Polysomnography: Measures brain activity during sleep.
• Multiple Sleep Latency Test: Evaluates REM sleep tendencies.

Treatment for Narcolepsy

• Medications:
  • Modafinil and armodafinil (stimulants) for daytime alertness.
  • Fluoxetine (serotonin reuptake inhibitor) for cataplexy.
  • Sodium oxybate (central nervous system depressant) for cataplexy.
• Lifestyle Modifications:
  • Balanced diet with fresh fruits and vegetables.
  • Avoid excessive polyunsaturated fatty acids.

When to seek medical attention ?

1. Persistent Symptoms: If you experience excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) that affects your daily life, consult a doctor. EDS can lead to accidents and impaired functioning.

2. Cataplexy Episodes: If you have sudden episodes of muscle weakness triggered by emotions (cataplexy), seek medical attention promptly. Cataplexy can be distressing and may require treatment.

3. Sleep Paralysis or Hallucinations: If you frequently experience sleep paralysis (inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up) or vivid hallucinations during sleep transitions, consult a healthcare professional.

4. Disrupted Sleep Patterns: If your sleep-wake cycle is consistently disrupted, leading to poor quality of life, discuss it with a doctor. Proper evaluation is essential.