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Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Diseases and Conditions Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the body’s immune defense. Abnormal lymphocytes, specifically B cells or T cells, grow uncontrollably, forming tumors throughout the body. NHL encompasses various subtypes, each with distinct characteristics. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved outcomes for patients with this disease.

Types of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

  1. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): The most common subtype, characterized by rapidly growing tumors.
  2. Follicular Lymphoma: A slow-growing type that often remains asymptomatic initially.
  3. Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Aggressive and typically affects older adults.
  4. Burkitt Lymphoma: Extremely fast-growing and rare.
  5. Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma: Involves T cells and can be aggressive.
  6. Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma: Primarily affects the skin.
  7. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Slow progression and often discovered incidentally.
  8. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Rare and characterized by high levels of a specific antibody (IgM).
  9. Lymphoblastic Lymphoma: Common in children and adolescents.
  10. Hepatosplenic Gamma/Delta T-cell Lymphoma: Involves the liver and spleen.

Causes of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The exact cause of NHL remains unclear.

Risk Factors of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

several risk factors contribute:

  • Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV or immunosuppressive medications increase risk.
  • Viral Infections: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and other infections play a role.
  • Chemicals: Exposure to insecticides or certain chemicals may contribute.
  • Aging: Most cases occur in people over 60.
  • Radiation Exposure: Survivors of atomic bombs or nuclear accidents face increased risk.

Symptoms of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Common symptoms of NHL include:
1. Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes: Often painless, in the neck, armpits, or groin.
2. Abdominal Pain or Swelling
3. Loss of Appetite
4. Skin Itching
5. Chest Pain
6. Trouble Breathing
7. Coughing
8. Fatigue
9. Fever
10. Fever or night sweats
11. Unexplained Weight Loss

Preventions of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

  • Healthy Diet: Consume nutritious foods rich in vitamins and minerals.
  • Regular Exercise
  • Avoid Risk Factors: Take precautions against viral infections.

Diagnosis of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

  • Physical Examination: Check for enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
  • Laboratory Tests: Complete blood count (CBC), urine test, and imaging (X-ray, CT scan, MRI, PET).
  • Biopsies: Lymph node and bone marrow biopsies confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

  • Medication: Chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin) and targeted therapy (rituximab).
  • Bone Marrow Transplantation: Stem cell transplant from a donor.
  • Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams to kill cancer cells.
  • Self-Care: Stay informed, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and follow medical advice.

When to seek medical attention ?

  1. Unexplained Swelling: If you notice persistent swelling in your lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits, or groin, consult a doctor.
  2. Persistent Fatigue: Unexplained fatigue, weakness, or lack of energy may be a sign of NHL.
  3. Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden weight loss without any apparent reason warrants evaluation.
  4. Fever and Night Sweats: Recurrent fever and night sweats should not be ignored.
  5. Breathing Difficulties: If you have trouble breathing or chest pain, seek immediate medical help.
  6. Skin Changes: Itching, rashes, or changes in skin color require assessment.
  7. Abdominal Pain or Bloating: Persistent abdominal discomfort should be evaluated.