Ovarian cancer

Overview

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. It is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with over 22,000 new cases diagnosed in the United States each year. The disease is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the ovaries, which can multiply quickly and invade surrounding tissues.

Types of Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is classified into several subtypes, including:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer: This is the most common type of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It develops from the cells that cover the surface of the ovary.
2. Germ cell ovarian cancer: This type of cancer develops from the cells that produce eggs and can occur in younger women.
3. Stromal cell ovarian cancer: This type of cancer develops from the cells that support the growth and development of eggs.

Causes of Ovarian cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not known, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development:

1. Genetic mutations: Women with inherited mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer.
2. Family history: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer are at higher risk.
3. Hormonal factors: Hormonal changes during menopause or use of hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
4. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals and pesticides may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Risk Factors of Ovarian cancer

1. Age: The risk of developing ovarian cancer increases with age.
2. Family history: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer are at higher risk.
3. Genetic mutations: Women with inherited mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a higher risk.
4. Hormonal factors: Women who have had multiple full-term pregnancies or have used hormone replacement therapy may be at higher risk.
5. Obesity: Women who are overweight or obese may be at higher risk.

Symptoms of Ovarian cancer

Preventions of Ovarian cancer

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, there are several steps that women can take to reduce their risk:

1. Maintaining a healthy weight: Avoiding obesity through regular exercise and a healthy diet.
2. Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
3. Avoiding hormone replacement therapy: Avoiding hormone replacement therapy unless necessary for medical reasons.
4. Screening tests: Regular screening tests such as transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 blood test may help detect ovarian cancer early.

Diagnosis of Ovarian cancer

The diagnosis and evaluation of ovarian cancer typically involves:

1. Medical history: A thorough medical history to identify any risk factors or symptoms.
2. Physical examination: A physical examination to assess any abdominal masses or tenderness.
3. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as transvaginal ultrasound and CT scans to visualize the ovaries and surrounding tissues.
4. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for Ovarian cancer

The treatment and management of ovarian cancer typically involve:

1. Surgery: Surgery to remove any affected ovaries and surrounding tissues.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy to reduce the production of estrogen and progesterone.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy to target specific molecules involved in the development and growth of ovarian cancer.

When to seek medical attention ?

Women who experience any symptoms related to ovarian cancer should seek medical attention immediately. Additionally, women who are at high risk due to family history or genetic mutations should discuss their risk with their doctor and consider regular screening tests.