Pancreatic cancer

Overview

Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind the lower part of the stomach and plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar management. The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas.

Types of Pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer can be classified into several types:

1. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): The most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of cases.
2. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): A rare type of pancreatic cancer that arises from hormone-producing cells.
3. Adenocarcinoma: A rare type of pancreatic cancer that arises from glandular cells.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma: A rare type of pancreatic cancer that arises from squamous cells.

Causes of Pancreatic cancer

The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified:

1. Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and p16 can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as tobacco smoke and pesticides, has been linked to an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
3. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
4. Obesity: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Risk Factors of Pancreatic cancer

Several factors can increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer:

1. Age: The risk of developing pancreatic cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 65.
2. Family history: Having a family history of pancreatic cancer can increase the risk.
3. Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
4. Obesity: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Symptoms of Pancreatic cancer

Preventions of Pancreatic cancer

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent pancreatic cancer, several measures can help reduce the risk:

1. Maintaining a healthy weight: Keeping a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk.
2. Quitting smoking: Quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.
3. Eating a balanced diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk.
4. Limiting exposure to chemicals: Limiting exposure to chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides can help reduce the risk.

Diagnosis of Pancreatic cancer

Diagnosing pancreatic cancer typically involves:

1. Medical history: A thorough medical history to identify any underlying conditions or risk factors.
2. Physical examination: A physical examination to assess any symptoms or signs of disease.
3. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and endoscopic ultrasound to assess the extent of the disease.
4. Blood tests: Blood tests such as CA 19-9 to assess tumor markers.

Treatment for Pancreatic cancer

Treatment options for pancreatic cancer include:

1. Surgery: Surgery to remove the tumor or part of the pancreas.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor or slow its growth.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy to shrink the tumor or relieve symptoms.
4. Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy to target specific genes or proteins involved in the development of pancreatic cancer.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience any symptoms or signs of pancreatic cancer, it is essential to seek medical attention:

1. Abdominal pain: If you experience persistent abdominal pain or pain that worsens over time.
2. Weight loss: If you experience unexplained weight loss or loss of appetite.
3. Jaundice: If you experience yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile duct blockage.