Rectal Cancer

Overview

Rectal cancer, a malignancy that originates in the rectum—the last several inches of the large intestine—poses significant health challenges. This article delves into the intricacies of rectal cancer, covering its types, causes, symptoms, prevention, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and when to seek medical attention.

Types of Rectal Cancer

The most common type of rectal cancer is adenocarcinoma, accounting for 95% of all cases. Adenocarcinomas develop from the cells lining the large intestine and often start as polyps. Two less common subtypes are mucinous adenocarcinoma (comprising about 60% mucus) and signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (aggressive and challenging to treat).

Causes of Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer arises due to DNA mutations in rectal cells, leading to uncontrolled growth and tumor formation. While the exact cause remains unclear.

Risk Factors of Rectal Cancer

Certain risk factors contribute:

• Advancing age
• Family history
• Genetic syndromes (e.g., Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis)
• Inflammatory bowel syndrome
• Diet rich in red meats
• Diabetes
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Smoking
• Obesity

Symptoms of Rectal Cancer

Preventions of Rectal Cancer

Take proactive steps to reduce your risk:

• Maintain a healthy diet: High fiber, fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods
• Regular exercise
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Limit red meat intake

Diagnosis of Rectal Cancer

1. Physical Examination:

   • The doctor begins with a thorough physical examination, paying attention to any symptoms or abnormalities.
   • They may inquire about your medical history, family history, and risk factors.

2. Imaging and Laboratory Tests:

   • Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test monitors red blood cell levels to check for anemia.
   • CT Scan: An abdominal CT scan assesses the tumor’s size and extent of spread.
   • X-ray: A chest X-ray helps determine if the cancer has spread to the lungs.
   • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI of the rectum aids in diagnosing the cancer stage.
   • Colonoscopy: A thin, flexible tube examines the rectal lining for abnormalities.
   • Biopsy: During endoscopy or through a needle biopsy, a small sample of cells is obtained from the tumor and examined under a microscope.
   • Tumor Marker Test: Identifies specific genes, proteins, or other markers unique to the tumor.

Treatment for Rectal Cancer

• Surgery: Early-stage rectal cancer often requires surgical removal.
• Medication: Chemotherapy (5-Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin) and targeted therapy (Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, Panitumumab).
• Radiation therapy: High-beam X-rays to kill cancer cells.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience persistent symptoms, such as blood in stool, abdominal pain, or unexplained weight loss, seek medical attention promptly.