Overview
Spina bifida is a congenital condition that occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly during fetal development. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD) that affects the structure of the spine and spinal cord, resulting in a range of symptoms and disabilities. In this article, we will delve into the causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of spina bifida, as well as when to seek medical attention.
Types of Spina bifida
Spina bifida can be classified into three main types based on the severity and location of the defect:
- Meningocele: This is the most common type of spina bifida, accounting for about 90% of cases. In meningocele, the spinal cord is not affected, and the defect is usually located in the lower back.
- Myelomeningocele: This type of spina bifida is more severe and involves a defect in the spinal cord and meninges (the protective covering of the spinal cord). The defect is usually located in the lower back or mid-back.
- Occult Spina Bifida: This type of spina bifida is characterized by a small defect in the spinal cord or meninges that does not cause any noticeable symptoms.
Causes of Spina bifida
The exact cause of spina bifida is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Risk Factors of Spina bifida
The following are some risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing spina bifida:
- Family history: If there is a family history of spina bifida or other NTDs, there is a higher risk of developing the condition.
- Genetic mutations: Certain genetic mutations, such as those affecting the gene involved in folate metabolism, may increase the risk of developing spina bifida.
- Prenatal exposure to certain substances: Exposure to certain substances, such as anticonvulsant medications, during pregnancy may increase the risk of developing spina bifida.
- Age: The risk of developing spina bifida increases with advancing maternal age.
Symptoms of Spina bifida
The symptoms of spina bifida vary depending on the severity and location of the defect. Some common symptoms include:Preventions of Spina bifida
While there is no surefire way to prevent spina bifida, there are several steps that can be taken to reduce the risk:
- Folic acid supplementation: Taking folic acid supplements before pregnancy can reduce the risk of developing spina bifida.
- Healthy diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk.
- Avoiding certain substances: Avoiding certain substances, such as anticonvulsant medications, during pregnancy can help reduce the risk.
Diagnosis of Spina bifida
The diagnosis and evaluation of spina bifida typically involve a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and genetic testing. The following are some common diagnostic tests used for spina bifida:
- Ultrasound: Ultrasound examination during pregnancy to detect any defects in the fetal spine.
- MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination to visualize the spine and spinal cord.
- X-ray: X-ray examination to detect any bone defects.
- Genetic testing: Genetic testing to identify any genetic mutations that may contribute to the condition.
Treatment for Spina bifida
The treatment and management of spina bifida typically involve a combination of surgery, physical therapy, and medication. The following are some common treatment options for spina bifida:
- Surgery: Surgery to repair any defects in the spine and spinal cord.
- Physical therapy: Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength.
- Medication: Medication to manage pain, muscle spasms, and other symptoms.
- Assistive devices: Assistive devices such as wheelchairs or walkers to help with mobility.
When to seek medical attention ?
If you suspect that you or your child may have spina bifida, it is essential to seek medical attention promptly. Delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications.
