Overview
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening emergency characterized by the abrupt cessation of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. During SCA, the heart’s electrical system malfunctions, causing it to stop beating effectively. Breathing ceases, and the affected person loses consciousness. Without immediate intervention, SCA can lead to irreversible damage or death .
Types of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Ventricular Fibrillation (VF):
- VF is the most common arrhythmia associated with SCA.
- The heart’s electrical signals become chaotic, leading to quivering rather than coordinated contractions.
- Blood flow to the brain and other vital organs stops abruptly.
- Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (VT):
- Similar to VF, VT involves rapid, disorganized heartbeats.
- Although some coordination remains, the heart still fails to pump blood effectively.
- Hundreds of beats per minute occur, but they do not sustain life.
Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
- Atherosclerosis (cholesterol and plaque buildup) narrows the heart arteries, reducing blood flow.
- Reduced blood supply can trigger SCA.
- Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction):
- A heart attack damages heart tissue, disrupting electrical signals.
- Scar tissue from a previous heart attack increases SCA risk.
- Arrhythmias:
- Irregular heart rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia, can cause SCA.
- Bradycardia (very slow heart rate) may also lead to SCA.
- Genetic Factors:
- Family history of arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death increases susceptibility.
- Congenital Heart Defects:
- Structural abnormalities in the heart’s anatomy contribute to SCA risk .
Risk Factors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Low Ejection Fraction:
- A weak heart muscle (low ejection fraction) impairs blood pumping.
- Prior Heart Attack:
- Individuals who have experienced a heart attack are at higher risk.
- Heart Failure:
- Heart failure patients face an elevated SCA risk.
- Abnormal Heart Rate or Rhythm (Arrhythmia):
- Any irregularities in heart rhythm increase vulnerability.
- Family History:
- A family history of arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death raises the likelihood.
- Congenital Heart Defects:
- Structural heart abnormalities contribute to SCA susceptibility.
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:
- Thickening of the heart muscle, especially affecting the ventricles, heightens risk .
Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
1. Sudden Collapse: The affected person collapses suddenly and unexpectedly.
2. No Pulse: There is no detectable pulse.
3. No Breathing: Breathing stops abruptly.
4. Loss of consciousness: The person becomes unconscious.
Preventions of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Early Defibrillation: Immediate use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) can restore normal heart rhythm.
- Lifestyle Modifications: Manage risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
- Avoid Tobacco and Excessive Alcohol: Smoking cessation and moderate alcohol consumption are crucial.
- Regular Exercise: Maintain physical fitness to support heart health.
Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Detects abnormal heart rhythms.
- Echocardiogram: Assesses heart structure and function.
- Holter Monitor: Records heart activity over 24 hours.
- Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed heart images.
Treatment for Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA)
- Immediate CPR and Defibrillation: Bystanders should perform CPR and use an AED.
- Medications: Anti-arrhythmic drugs may stabilize heart rhythm.
- Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD): Prevents recurrent SCA.
- Cardiac Rehabilitation: Exercise programs improve heart health.
- Lifestyle Changes: Diet, exercise, and stress management play a crucial role.
When to seek medical attention ?
- Any Unexplained Fainting or Collapse
- Family History of SCA or Sudden Cardiac Death
- Persistent Chest Pain or Discomfort
