Testicular Cancer

Overview

Testicular cancer is a rare but highly treatable malignancy that originates in the testicles, also known as testes. These male reproductive organs are situated within the scrotum, a loose bag of skin beneath the penis. Testicles play a crucial role in sperm production and testosterone hormone secretion. Although uncommon, testicular cancer can occur at any age, with the highest incidence observed between 15 and 45 years old. Early detection and timely intervention significantly improve outcomes.

Types of Testicular Cancer

1. Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs):
   • Seminoma: Slow-growing and often responsive to treatment.
     • Classic Seminoma: Accounts for 95% of seminomas.
     • Spermatocytic Seminoma: Common in older men with a favorable prognosis.
   • Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCTs): Variable appearance and prognosis.
     • Embryonal Carcinoma: Rapidly growing and potentially aggressive; may secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or alpha fetoprotein (AFP).
     • Yolk Sac Carcinoma: Common in children; responds well to chemotherapy.
     • Choriocarcinoma: Rare and aggressive; secretes HCG.
     • Teratoma: Often mixed NSGCT; resistant to chemotherapy and best treated surgically.
2. Stromal Tumors:
   • Rare (<5% of cases).
   • Excellent prognosis if surgically resected.
   • Types:
     • Leydig Cell Tumors: Secrete testosterone; usually cured with surgery.
     • Sertoli Cell Tumors: Benign tumors supporting sperm development.

Causes of Testicular Cancer

• The exact cause of most testicular cancers remains unclear. However, it typically starts when changes occur in the DNA of testicular cells.
• These DNA alterations prompt abnormal cell growth and rapid multiplication.
• Unlike healthy cells that follow a natural life cycle, cancer cells persist and form a mass called a tumor.
• Over time, the tumor can extend beyond the testicle, and some cells may break away, spreading to other parts of the body.
• Most testicular cancers originate from germ cells, which are responsible for sperm production.

Risk Factors of Testicular Cancer

• Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism): Having an undescended testicle (when the testes do not descend into the scrotum during fetal development) increases the risk of testicular cancer.
• Family History: A family history of testicular cancer raises the likelihood of developing the disease.
• Abnormal Testicular Development: Conditions such as hypospadias (an abnormality of the penis) may contribute to testicular cancer risk.
• Personal History: If you’ve had testicular cancer in the past, you’re at higher risk.
• Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia (ITGCN): This condition involves abnormal germ cells within the testicle and is associated with an increased risk.

Symptoms of Testicular Cancer

Preventions of Testicular Cancer

• Self-Examination: Regularly check for testicular changes.
• Early Intervention: Address undescended testicles promptly.
• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet and avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer

• Physical Examination: Initial assessment for lumps.
• Imaging: Ultrasound, CT scan, and PET scan.
• Tumor Marker Tests: Detect specific markers.

Treatment for Testicular Cancer

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation.

When to seek medical attention ?

1. Testicular Lumps: Detecting a lump or swelling in either testicle.
2. Scrotal Heaviness: Feeling heaviness in the scrotum.
3. Lower Belly or Groin Ache: Experiencing a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin.
4. Sudden Scrotal Swelling: Unexplained swelling in the scrotum.
5. Testicular Pain or Discomfort: Any pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum.
6. Breast Tissue Changes: Enlargement or tenderness of breast tissue.
7. Back Pain: Sometimes, testicular cancer may cause back pain.