Tuberculosis (TB)

Overview

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. The germs that cause TB are highly contagious and can spread easily through airborne transmission. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, claiming over 1.7 million lives in 2020.

Types of Tuberculosis (TB)

TB is classified into two main types:

1. Pulmonary TB: Affects the lungs and is the most common form of TB.
2. Extrapulmonary TB: Affects other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bones, joints, and brain.

Causes of Tuberculosis (TB)

TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), a type of bacteria that infects the lungs and other parts of the body.

Risk Factors of Tuberculosis (TB)

Certain groups are more susceptible to developing TB:

1. People with HIV/AIDS: Those with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop TB.
2. Crowded living conditions: Living in crowded or unsanitary conditions increases the risk of transmission.
3. Age: TB is more common in people aged 15-49 years.
4. Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems due to chronic illnesses or treatments are more prone to developing TB.

Symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)

Preventions of Tuberculosis (TB)

Preventing the spread of TB involves:

1. Wearing a mask: Wearing a mask when in close contact with someone who has TB.
2. Getting vaccinated: Getting vaccinated with the BCG vaccine, which provides protection against TB.
3. Practicing good hygiene: Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and covering mouth and nose when coughing.
4. Avoiding close contact: Avoiding close contact with someone who has TB.

Complications: Untreated or poorly managed TB can lead to serious complications, including:

1. Lung damage: Permanent damage to the lungs can lead to chronic respiratory problems.
2. Respiratory failure: Respiratory failure can occur if the infection spreads to other parts of the body.
3. Meningitis: Meningitis can occur if the infection spreads to the lining around the brain and spinal cord.

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB)

Diagnosing TB involves a combination of:

1. Medical history: Taking a detailed medical history to assess symptoms and risk factors.
2. Physical examination: Performing a physical examination to assess lung function and detect any signs of TB.
3. Imaging tests: Conducting imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, to detect any signs of lung damage.
4. Laboratory tests: Conducting laboratory tests to detect M. tuberculosis bacteria in sputum or blood samples.

Treatment for Tuberculosis (TB)

Treatment for TB involves:

1. Antibiotics: Administering antibiotics, such as rifampicin and isoniazid, to kill the bacteria.
2. Medication adherence: Ensuring that patients take their medication regularly and complete the full treatment course.
3. Monitoring progress: Monitoring patient progress and adjusting treatment as necessary.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you experience any symptoms suspicious of TB or have been exposed to someone with TB, consult your doctor immediately.