Overview
Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy that originates in the cells lining the vagina. This tube-like organ connects the cervix (lower part of the uterus) to the vulva (external genitals). Although vaginal cancer is uncommon, understanding its types, causes, symptoms, and management is crucial for early detection and effective treatment.
Types of Vaginal Cancer
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most prevalent type, squamous cell carcinoma arises from the flat squamous cells lining the vagina. It accounts for approximately 90% of all vaginal cancer cases.
- Adenocarcinoma: This cancer begins in gland cells within the vagina. It predominantly affects individuals over 50 years old. Notably, clear cell adenocarcinoma, linked to exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) during fetal development, occurs in younger women.
- Melanoma: Extremely rare, vaginal melanomas originate from melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin color.
- Sarcoma: Vaginal sarcomas develop in the connective and muscle tissues of the vaginal wall. Rhabdomyosarcoma, more common in children, and leiomyosarcoma, prevalent in older adults, fall under this category.
Causes of Vaginal Cancer
The real causes of vagainal cancer is still not clear.
Risk Factors of Vaginal Cancer
- Age: Squamous cell carcinoma primarily affects older women, with nearly half of cases occurring in those aged 70 or older.
- DES Exposure: Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a hormone drug used between 1940 and 1971 to prevent miscarriage, increases the risk of clear cell adenocarcinoma. DES daughters have a slightly elevated risk but are not entirely safe from this cancer.
- Vaginal Adenosis: Exposure to DES during fetal development leads to adenosis, where glandular cells replace squamous cells in the vagina. Adenosis heightens the risk of clear cell carcinoma.
Symptoms of Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer may not always cause noticeable symptoms initially. However, as it progresses, individuals may experience:1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after menopause or intercourse)
2. Vaginal Discharge
3. Vaginal lumps or masses
4. Painful Urination
5. Frequent Urination
6. Diarrhea or Constipation
7. Pelvic Pain
Preventions of Vaginal Cancer
- Regular Screenings: Regular pelvic exams and Pap smears help detect vaginal abnormalities early.
- HPV Vaccination: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination reduces the risk of cervical and vaginal cancers.
- Avoid DES Exposure: Since DES use during pregnancy has ceased, focus on preventing exposure to other harmful substances.
Diagnosis of Vaginal Cancer
- Physical Examination: A gynecologist examines the vagina and cervix.
- Biopsy: Tissue samples are collected for analysis.
- Imaging: CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans assess tumor size and spread.
- Staging: Determines the cancer’s extent (Stage I to IV).
- Lymph Node Evaluation: Detects potential spread to nearby lymph nodes.
Treatment for Vaginal Cancer
- Surgery: Removal of cancerous tissue, lymph nodes, or part of the vagina.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams target cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs to destroy cancer cells.
- Targeted Therapy: Specific drugs targeting cancer-related proteins.
- Hormone Therapy: For certain types of vaginal cancer.
- Palliative Care: To manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
When to seek medical attention ?
If you experience any unusual vaginal symptoms, especially bleeding, discharge, or pain, consult a healthcare professional promptly.
