Vaginal cancer

Overview

Vaginal cancer is a rare and complex disease that affects women's reproductive health. It is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the vagina, a muscular tube that connects the uterus with the outer genitals. The vagina is also known as the birth canal. In this article, we will delve into the details of vaginal cancer, including its types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, prevention, complications, diagnosis and evaluation, treatment and management, and when to see a doctor.

Types of Vaginal cancer

Vaginal cancer is classified into two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of vaginal cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It is caused by the abnormal growth of squamous cells, which are found in the lining of the vagina. Adenocarcinoma is less common, accounting for about 10% of all cases. It is caused by the abnormal growth of gland cells in the vagina.

Causes of Vaginal cancer

The exact cause of vaginal cancer is not known, but it is believed to be linked to several factors, including:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV is a common virus that can cause genital warts and is also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.
• Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of vaginal cancer.
• HPV vaccination: The HPV vaccine has been shown to reduce the risk of cervical cancer and may also reduce the risk of vaginal cancer.

Risk Factors of Vaginal cancer

Several risk factors have been identified for vaginal cancer, including:

• Age: Women over the age of 50 are at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• Family history: Women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer may be at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• Smoking: Women who smoke are at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• HPV infection: Women who have been infected with HPV are at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.
• Lack of screening: Women who do not undergo regular Pap tests and pelvic exams may be at higher risk of developing vaginal cancer.

Symptoms of Vaginal cancer

Preventions of Vaginal cancer

The best way to prevent vaginal cancer is to undergo regular screening and early detection. Women should undergo regular Pap tests and pelvic exams to detect any abnormalities in the cervix and vagina. Women who have been infected with HPV should also undergo regular screening and follow-up testing.

Complications

Vaginal cancer can cause several complications, including:

• Recurrence: The cancer can recur after treatment.
• Spread to other parts of the body: The cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes or lungs.
• Sexual dysfunction: The cancer can cause changes in sexual function or sensation.
• Bleeding or discharge from the vagina.

Diagnosis of Vaginal cancer

The diagnosis and evaluation of vaginal cancer typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory tests. The following tests may be performed:

• Physical examination: A physical examination will be performed to assess the size and location of the tumor.
• Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be performed to assess the extent of the tumor.
• Laboratory tests: Laboratory tests such as blood tests or biopsies may be performed to determine if the tumor is malignant.

Treatment for Vaginal cancer

The treatment and management of vaginal cancer depends on several factors, including the location and size of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. The following treatments may be used:

• Surgery: Surgery may be used to remove the tumor or to remove part or all of the vagina.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used to kill cancer cells or to relieve symptoms.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used to kill cancer cells.

When to seek medical attention ?

Women who are experiencing symptoms that are suspicious for vaginal cancer should seek medical attention promptly. Women who are at high risk for developing vaginal cancer should also undergo regular screening and follow-up testing.