Overview
Vulvar cancer is a rare type of malignancy that develops on the outer surface area of the female genitalia. The vulva encompasses the skin surrounding the urethra, vagina, clitoris, and labia. Although it can occur at any age, vulvar cancer is most commonly diagnosed in older adults. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for better outcomes.
Types of Vulvar Cancer
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: This is the most common type, accounting for approximately 90% of vulvar cancers. It typically forms as a lump or sore on the vulva and may cause itching.
- Vulvar Melanoma: Although rare (about 5% of cases), vulvar melanoma is aggressive and can spread to other parts of the body. It develops from melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the vulva.
- Other Rare Types: These include basal cell carcinoma, Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, Paget disease of the vulva, and sarcoma.
Causes of Vulvar Cancer
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is not always clear.
Risk Factors of Vulvar Cancer
several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing it:
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection with certain HPV strains is associated with vulvar cancer.
- Age: Older age is a risk factor.
- Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk.
- Chronic Skin Conditions: Conditions like lichen sclerosus may contribute.
- Immunosuppression: Weakened immune systems are more susceptible.
Symptoms of Vulvar Cancer
Early signs of vulvar cancer include:1. Skin Changes on the Outer Lips (Labia Majora) or Inner Lips (Labia Minora): Vulvar cancer may cause alterations in the texture, color, or appearance of the skin on the labia majora (outer lips) or labia minora (inner lips).
These changes can manifest as thickening, roughness, or the development of lumps or sores.
2. Color Variations on the Vulva: Some individuals with vulvar cancer notice darker or lighter patches of skin on the vulva.
These color variations may be subtle or more pronounced.
3. Thickened or Rough Skin Patches: Areas of the vulva affected by cancer may become thickened or feel rough to the touch.
These patches may be localized or spread across the vulvar surface.
4. Itching, Pain, or Bleeding in the Vulvar Area: Persistent itching, discomfort, or pain in the vulvar region can be indicative of vulvar cancer.
Unexplained bleeding, especially after intercourse or between menstrual cycles, should also raise concern.
Preventions of Vulvar Cancer
While some risk factors are beyond control, preventive measures include:
- HPV Vaccination: The HPV vaccine can prevent strains responsible for most cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers.
- Avoid Smoking: Quit smoking to reduce the risk.
- Regular Check-ups: Routine gynecological exams help detect early changes.
Diagnosis of Vulvar Cancer
- Physical Examination: A doctor examines the vulva for abnormalities.
- Biopsy: Tissue samples are taken for analysis.
- Imaging: CT scans, MRI, or PET scans assess cancer extent.
- Staging: Determines the cancer’s stage (I to IV).
Treatment for Vulvar Cancer
- Surgery: Removal of cancerous tissue and nearby lymph nodes.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays target cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system.
- Palliative Care: Focuses on symptom relief and quality of life.
When to seek medical attention ?
Consult a healthcare professional if you experience:
- Persistent vulvar itching, pain, or bleeding.
- Skin changes or lumps on the vulva.
- Any concerning symptoms.
