Wilms Tumor-article-banner

Wilms Tumor

Diseases and Conditions Wilms Tumor
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
Wilms Tumor-image

Overview

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare kidney cancer primarily affecting children. It is the most common cancer of the kidneys in this age group. Although it predominantly occurs in children aged 3 to 4, it can also affect older children and even adults. Let’s delve into the details of this unique malignancy.

Types of Wilms Tumor

  1. Classic Wilms Tumor: The most common type, characterized by a triphasic histology—blastemal, stromal, and epithelial components.
  2. Anaplastic Wilms Tumor: A more aggressive subtype with abnormal cellular features.
  3. Diffuse Anaplastic Wilms Tumor: A rare variant associated with poorer outcomes.

Causes of Wilms Tumor

  • Genetic Factors: Wilms tumor is often attributed to genetic causes.
  • DNA Errors: Errors in cell DNA lead to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
  • Inherited Mutations: Some cases result from inherited genetic mutations.

Risk Factors of Wilms Tumor

  • Race: More common in African-American children.
  • Family History: A family history of Wilms tumor increases the risk.
  • Congenital Abnormalities: Conditions like aniridia and hemihypertrophy.
  • Syndromes: WAGR syndrome, Denys–Drash syndrome, and others.

Symptoms of Wilms Tumor

1. Abdominal Mass: A palpable lump or swelling in the abdomen, often discovered during routine physical examinations. The mass may be painless or cause discomfort.
2. Abdominal Swelling: Enlargement of the abdomen due to the presence of the tumor. The swelling may be gradual and noticeable over time.
3. Abdominal Pain: Dull or sharp pain in the abdominal region. Pain may be localized to the affected kidney area.
4. Fever: Elevated body temperature, often accompanied by other symptoms. Fever may indicate inflammation or infection related to the tumor.
5. Nausea and vomiting: Feeling nauseous and vomiting, especially in the morning or after meals. These symptoms can result from pressure on the stomach or gastrointestinal disturbances.
6. Constipation: Difficulty passing stools or infrequent bowel movements. The tumor’s presence can affect bowel function.
7. Loss of Appetite: Reduced desire to eat. Weight loss may occur due to decreased food intake.
8. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Elevated blood pressure levels. The tumor can stimulate the release of hormones that affect blood pressure regulation.
9. Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity. Large tumors may compress nearby structures, including the lungs.

Preventions of Wilms Tumor

  • Early Detection: Regular check-ups for children at risk.
  • Genetic Counseling: For families with a history of Wilms tumor.
  • Avoidance of Tobacco Exposure: Encourage a smoke-free environment.

Diagnosis of Wilms Tumor

  1. Physical Examination: Assess for symptoms and abdominal mass.
  2. Laboratory Tests:
    • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Detects low blood counts.
    • Urine Test: Evaluates kidney function.
  3. Imaging:
    • Ultrasound, CT Scan, or MRI: Visualize kidney tumors.

Treatment for Wilms Tumor

  1. Surgery (Nephrectomy):
    • Partial or complete removal of the affected kidney.
  2. Chemotherapy:
    • Drugs like dactinomycin, doxorubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and irinotecan.
  3. Radiation Therapy:
    • High-energy beams to target cancer cells.

When to seek medical attention ?

If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms of Wilms tumor, seek medical attention promptly.