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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Diseases and Conditions Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Overview Types Causes & Risk Factors Symptoms Preventions Treatment
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Overview

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a term used in medicine to describe a group of conditions related to decreased blood flow to the heart muscle due to the partial or complete blockage of one or more coronary arteries. ACS is a medical emergency and encompasses a spectrum of conditions, ranging from unstable angina to myocardial infarction (heart attack). 

In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the world of ACS, exploring its causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention strategies, treatment options, and guidance on when to seek medical attention.

Types of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Acute Coronary Syndrome encompasses three main types:

1) Unstable Angina: This is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs at rest or with minimal exertion and may be more severe or prolonged than stable angina.

2) Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI): This occurs when there is evidence of heart muscle damage, but it may not show on an electrocardiogram (ECG) with ST-segment elevation.

3) ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): A severe form of ACS where there is significant heart muscle damage and a distinct pattern on the ECG.

Causes of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

The primary cause of ACS is the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries, typically due to the buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and plaque. This restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to oxygen deprivation and potential heart muscle damage.

Risk Factors of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Several factors may increase an individual's risk of developing ACS:

  • Age: The risk of ACS increases with age, particularly in individuals over 65.
  • Gender: Men tend to be at a higher risk than women, though the risk for women rises after menopause.
  • Smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for ACS.
  • High Blood Pressure: Hypertension can damage arteries and increase the risk of plaque buildup.
  • High Cholesterol: Elevated levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol can contribute to artery narrowing.
  • Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can damage blood vessels and the heart.

Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

The symptoms of acute coronary syndrome usually begin suddenly. They include:
1. Chest Pain or Discomfort: Often described as aching, pressure, tightness, or burning. This is also known as angina.
2. Pain that starts in the chest and spreads: The pain can radiate to other parts of the body, including the shoulders, arms, upper belly area, back, neck, or jaw.
3. Nausea or vomiting: These are common symptoms that can accompany the chest pain.
4. Indigestion: Some people may experience symptoms similar to indigestion.
5. Shortness of breath (Dyspnea): Difficulty in breathing can occur, often accompanying the chest pain.
6. Sudden, heavy sweating: This can occur even if the temperature is cool or the person is at rest.
7. Racing heartbeat: The heart may beat rapidly or irregularly.
8. Feeling lightheaded or dizzy: This can occur due to reduced blood flow to the brain.
9. Fainting (Syncope): In some cases, the person may lose consciousness.
10. Unusual fatigue: A person may feel extremely tired, even without exertion.

Preventions of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Preventing ACS involves addressing risk factors:

  • Lifestyle Changes: Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation.
  • Medications: Medications to control high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes.
  • Aspirin: In some cases, aspirin may be recommended as a preventive measure.

Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Diagnosing ACS typically involves:

  • Medical History and Physical Exam: A healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and medical history.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): This test records the heart's electrical activity and can reveal abnormal patterns.
  • Blood Tests: Elevated cardiac biomarkers may indicate heart muscle damage.

Treatment for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

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  • Topical Medications: Creams or gels containing ingredients like fluorouracil, imiquimod, or diclofenac.
  • Cryotherapy: Freezing the lesions with liquid nitrogen.
  • Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): A light-activated chemical treatment.
  • Laser Therapy: Targeted laser treatment for more severe cases.
  • Surgical Removal: Excision or shave removal of lesions when necessary.

When to seek medical attention ?

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