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Encephalitis

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Overview

Encephalitis refers to the inflammation of the brain, a condition that can have serious consequences. It can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, as well as immune system responses. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for better outcomes.

Types of Encephalitis

  1. Infectious Encephalitis:
    • Viral Infections: Various viruses can lead to encephalitis. Common culprits include:
      • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause encephalitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
      • Enteroviruses: These viruses are responsible for aseptic meningitis and encephalitis.
      • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): EBV-associated encephalitis occurs primarily in immunosuppressed patients.
      • Mosquito-Borne Viruses: West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and others.
      • Rabies Virus: Transmitted through animal bites.
    • Childhood Infections: Measles, mumps, and rubella can occasionally lead to encephalitis.
  2. Autoimmune Encephalitis:
    • In this type, the immune system mistakenly attacks brain tissue, causing inflammation.
    • Symptoms may develop gradually over weeks.

Causes of Encephalitis

  • Unknown Causes: Approximately half of encephalitis cases have no identifiable cause.
  • Infectious Causes:
    • Viral infections affecting the brain.
    • Mosquito-borne viruses (e.g., West Nile virus).
  • Bacterial Causes: Less common but can occur.

Risk Factors of Encephalitis

  • Age: Young children and older adults are at higher risk.
  • Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive medications increase susceptibility.

Symptoms of Encephalitis

1. Mild Cases (Flu-Like Symptoms): Headache, fever, muscle/joint aches, weakness.
2. Severe Symptoms (Develop Rapidly): Stiff neck, confusion, hallucinations. Seizures, loss of sensation, muscle weakness. Speech or hearing difficulties, unconsciousness, coma.
3. Infants and Young Children may exhibit additional symptoms.

Preventions of Encephalitis

  • Vaccination:
    • Mumps, rubella, and measles vaccines.
  • Mosquito Protection:
    • Use repellents and wear protective clothing in mosquito-prone areas.
  • Avoid High-Risk Areas: Limit outdoor activities during peak mosquito activity.

Diagnosis of Encephalitis

  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • Imaging: CT scan and MRI to assess brain structure.
    • Laboratory Tests:
      • Complete blood count (CBC) to detect signs of infection.
      • Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) for cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
      • Electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity.
      • Rarely, brain biopsy for infection detection.

Treatment for Encephalitis

  • Medications:
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen) for symptom relief.
    • Antiviral drugs (e.g., acyclovir) to combat viral infections.
    • Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin) to prevent seizures.
  • Self-Care:
    • Rest and maintain hydration.

When to seek medical attention ?

  • Seek urgent medical attention for:
    • Severe symptoms (headache, fever, altered consciousness).
    • Infants or young children showing any encephalitis symptoms.

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