Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

Overview

Valley fever, also known as coccidioidomycosis, is a fungal infection caused by the Coccidioides organisms. These fungi thrive in arid, desert-like regions, particularly in the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and Central America. Most people who inhale the microscopic fungal spores from the air remain asymptomatic, but some may develop symptoms.

Types of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

There are two species of Coccidioides fungi responsible for valley fever:

1. Coccidioides immitis: Commonly found in California and the southwestern U.S.
2. Coccidioides posadasii: Prevalent in Arizona, New Mexico, and other endemic areas.

Causes of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

Valley fever occurs when individuals inhale the fungal spores present in the soil. Factors contributing to exposure include:

• Soil Disturbances: Construction, excavation, or windstorms can release spores into the air.
• Environmental Conditions: Dry, low-rainfall regions favor fungal growth.

Risk Factors of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

Certain groups are at higher risk of developing severe valley fever:

• Age: Older adults are more susceptible.
• Geographic Location: Residents of endemic areas face increased risk.
• Pregnancy: Pregnant individuals are more vulnerable.
• Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive medications increase risk.
• Diabetes: Diabetic patients are at higher risk.

Symptoms of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

Preventions of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

While complete prevention is challenging, individuals at risk can take precautions:

• Avoid Dust Exposure: Minimize inhalation of dust during soil disturbances.
• Stay Indoors During Dust Storms
• Close Windows and Doors in Prone Areas
• Use Soil Sterilizers or Re-vegetation to Reduce Airborne Dust

Diagnosis of Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

A thorough evaluation is essential. Diagnostic tests include:

• Sputum Eosinophils: Detecting coccidioides organisms.
• Blood Tests: Identifying antibodies against the fungus.

Treatment for Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis)

Most cases resolve without specific treatment. Bed rest, hydration, and symptom management suffice. Severe cases may require antifungal medications such as:

• Fluconazole
• Itraconazole
• Amphotericin B

When to seek medical attention ?

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience new, severe, or persistent symptoms.